<i>Fundamentals of Ultrasonics</i>

Blitz, J.; Mayer, Walter G.

doi:10.1063/1.3051548

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…The jet height gradually decreases above this feed concentration. Interestingly, the velocity of sound for different ethanol-water mixtures was reported by Blitz [10] to peak at 35 mol% and decrease gradually at higher ethanol concentrations as shown in Fig. 4. …”

Section: Video Analysis Of Ultrasonic Jetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol enrichment from ethanol–water mixtures using high frequency ultrasonic atomization

Kirpalani¹,

Suzuki²

2011

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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The influence of high frequency ultrasound on the enrichment of ethanol from ethanol-water mixtures was investigated. Experiments performed in a continuous enrichment system showed that the generated atomized mist was at a higher ethanol concentration than the feed and the enrichment ratio was higher than the vapor liquid equilibrium curve for ethanol-water above 40 mol%. Well-controlled experiments were performed to analyze the effect of physical parameters; temperature, carrier gas flow and collection height on the enrichment. Droplet size measurements of the atomized mist and visualization of the oscillating fountain jet formed during sonication were made to understand the separation mechanism.Crown

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Section: Video Analysis Of Ultrasonic Jetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol enrichment from ethanol–water mixtures using high frequency ultrasonic atomization

Kirpalani¹,

Suzuki²

2011

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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“…This sharp point provided proper focusing of the incoming acoustic wave to progress along the backing material and dissipate its energy at the tip (ref. 42). Thus, the usual ringing phenomenon observed in sensors of this type was completely eliminated from the sensor used in'these tests.…”

Section: Pressure Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Surface Pressure Fluctuations in Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers

1975

Aeroacoustics: Fan, STOL, and Boundary Layer Noise; Sonic Boom; Aeroacoustics Instrumentation

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The surface pressure fluctuations on a flat-plate model at hypersonic Mach numbers of 5.2, 7.4 and 10.4 with an attached turbulent boundary layer were measured using flush mounted small piezoelectric sensors. A high frequency resolution of the pressure field was achieved using specially designed small piesoelectric sensors (dia. -0.5 mm) that had a good frequency response well above 300 KHz. The RMS pressures and non-dimensional energy spectra for all above Mach numbers are presented. The convective velocities, obtained from space-time correlation considerations are equal to 0.7 U«,. The results indicate th^ RMS pressures vary from 5 to 25 percent of the mean static pressures. The ratios of RMS pressure to dynamic pressure are less than the universally accepted subsonic value of 6*10~3. The ratio decreases in value as the Mach number or the dynamic pressure is increased. The ratio of RMS pressure to wall shear stress for Mach number 7.4 satisfies 1 5 p/r w < 3.

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“…Chemical effects due to cavitation are unlikely to occur in the hot viscous medium under study [8]. Mechanical effects like degassing and improvement of the transfer at the catalytic surface of the clay are reported [9].…”

Section: Limiting Water Activitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Scale Continuous Microwave Dry-Media Reactor - Part II: Application to Waxy Esters Production

Esveld¹,

Chémat²,

Haveren³

2000

Chem. Eng. Technol.

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The solvent free esterification reaction between stearic acid and stearyl alcohol has been examined with a montmorillonite clay as catalyst. To aim for industrial application the system has been studied on reaction rate, product purity, catalyst behavior and water removal as function of the process conditions. To avoid an etherification side reaction and to aim for the highest reaction rate, the temperature should be strictly maintained at 170 C. This is provided on larger scale by the application of microwave heating. Although the examined Brùnsted acid clay was found to lose its catalytic activity at very low water activities, a yield of 95 % pure stearyl stearate can be obtained by simply filtering of the clay without solvent extraction or distillation. The ªwaxyº esterification reaction was investigated with the pilot plant continuous microwave dry-media reactor (CMDR). The reaction time needed for 95 % yield was reduced by a factor 20±30 in comparison with industrial conventional reactors. This was due to the more homogeneous heat transfer of microwaves, which allows to reach a higher bulk temperature.

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Fundamentals of Ultrasonics

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Ethanol enrichment from ethanol–water mixtures using high frequency ultrasonic atomization

Ethanol enrichment from ethanol–water mixtures using high frequency ultrasonic atomization

Surface Pressure Fluctuations in Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layers

Scale Continuous Microwave Dry-Media Reactor - Part II: Application to Waxy Esters Production

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