<i>DIVISION OF MYCOLOGY</i>: TOXICITY OF STACHYBOTRYS ATRA FOR ANIMALS*

Forgacs, J.; Carll, W. T.; Herring, Albert S.; Hinshaw, W. R.

doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1958.tb00638.x

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Subsequently, Drobotko coined the term "stachybotryotoxicosis." By the late 1940s, similar outbreaks of livestock disease had been reported in the rest of the USSR and Eastern Europe, as well as among nonequine species (134,387,434,455). More recently, animal disease has been seen from Europe to South Africa (150,212,224,225,373; P. Le Bars and J.…”

Section: Stachybotrys Species As Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the wake of the equine outbreak, it was soon realized the disease was not limited to horses. However, there were marked species and age effects on susceptibility: cattle were less affected than horses, and younger animals fared better than older ones (134). While in 1938 this animal disease was associated with Stachybotrys species, it was nearly a decade before the etiologic organism was identified in contaminated grain as S. alternans var.…”

Section: Stachybotrys Species As Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical analysis of such samples is difficult due to intrinsic compound properties and secondary metabolite production; despite much work, most potential products are uncharacterized (e.g., due to irreversible column gel binding) (188), and even experienced investigators can obtain different toxin results from identical strains (e.g., using differing culture media or pH). Toxicity can also vary widely during culture (134). Matters are further complicated by the fact that more than one compound is often involved in field outbreaks, and little research has been performed to examine combined toxicity.…”

Section: Mycotoxins From Stachybotrysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

2003

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Damp buildings often have a moldy smell or obvious mold growth; some molds are human pathogens. This has caused concern regarding health effects of moldy indoor environments and has resulted in many studies of moisture- and mold-damaged buildings. Recently, there have been reports of severe illness as a result of indoor mold exposure, particularly due to Stachybotrys chartarum. While many authors describe a direct relationship between fungal contamination and illness, close examination of the literature reveals a confusing picture. Here, we review the evidence regarding indoor mold exposure and mycotoxicosis, with an emphasis on S. chartarum. We also examine possible end-organ effects, including pulmonary, immunologic, neurologic, and oncologic disorders. We discuss the Cleveland infant idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage reports in detail, since they provided important impetus for concerns about Stachybotrys. Some valid concerns exist regarding the relationship between indoor mold exposure and human disease. Review of the literature reveals certain fungus-disease associations in humans, including ergotism (Claviceps species), alimentary toxic aleukia (Fusarium), and liver disease (Aspergillys). While many papers suggest a similar relationship between Stachybotrys and human disease, the studies nearly uniformly suffer from significant methodological flaws, making their findings inconclusive. As a result, we have not found well-substantiated supportive evidence of serious illness due to Stachybotrys exposure in the contemporary environment. To address issues of indoor mold-related illness, there is an urgent need for studies using objective markers of illness, relevant animal models, proper epidemiologic techniques, and examination of confounding factors

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Section: Stachybotrys Species As Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Stachybotrys Species As Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mycotoxins From Stachybotrysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

2003

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“…Several outbreaks of livestock disease had been reported all over the world and was identified as stachybotryotoxicosis (Forgacs et al 1958;Ye et al 1998). The possible association of Stachybotrys species with human disease became apparent coincident with the equine epidemics.…”

Section: Stachybotrys As Potential Human or Animal Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 98%

Overview of Stachybotrys (Memnoniella) and current species status

et al. 2015

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Stachybotrys (asexual Hypocreales) has a worldwide distribution. This genus inhabits substrates rich in cellulose and is closely related to Memnoniella. Classification of species has previously been based on morphology, with conidial characters being considered as important. This study reevaluates Stachybotrys and Memnoniella, which is shown to include at least seven species-groups; while Memnoniella is a synonym of Stachybotrys. The sexual genera Ornatispora and Melanopsamma are also synonyms of Stachybotrys. With the exception of Stachybotrys subsimplex, species formed a wellsupported monophyletic group in LSU data analysis belonging to Stachybotriaceae. Seventy-four accepted Stachybotrys species are discussed, while eight species are considered to belong to other genera or are doubtful in this paper and a key to these species provided. Twelve new combinations and 1 nomina nova is proposed. The status of Stachybotrys species on health, as human or animal pathogens, in indoor environments, and use as biocontrol agents and compound discovery are also discussed.

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“…The Russian literature included statements that the horse was the only large animal susceptible to Stachybotrys toxin; however, in the United States, Forgacs and co-workers observed the toxicosis in swine, sheep, and calves as well as in horses (19). 'A natural outbreak of stachybotryotoxicosis in cattle has been reported; it was associated with straw contaminated by the fungus (20).…”

Section: Stachybotryotoxicosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Toxicity, Carcinogenicity, and the Influence of Various Nutritional Conditions

Newberne¹

1974

Environmental Health Perspectives

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DIVISION OF MYCOLOGY: TOXICITY OF STACHYBOTRYS ATRA FOR ANIMALS*

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

Overview of Stachybotrys (Memnoniella) and current species status

Mycotoxins: Toxicity, Carcinogenicity, and the Influence of Various Nutritional Conditions

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