Hypoxia-modulatory nanomaterials to relieve tumor hypoxic microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy: Where do we stand?

Oxygen microcapsules improve immune checkpoint blockade by ameliorating hypoxia condition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

“…Related studies have reported that hypoxia can increase the expression of PD-L1 in the TME to weaken anti-tumor immunity [ 28 ]. Therefore, we further analyzed the expression of PD-L1 in TME after various treatments.…”

A phenolic based tumor-permeated nano-framework for immunogenic cell death induction combined with PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade

“…These immunosuppressive cells could inhibit effector T cell infiltration for cancer immunotherapy. 48–50 Therefore, we are interested to explore the oxygen level of tumor tissue after treatment with EGPt-NF. As shown in Fig.…”

Progress of Nanomaterials in Photodynamic Therapy Against Tumor

“…Cancer cells can maintain a high rate of glycolysis even in the presence of O 2 , consume large amounts of glucose and significant areas in tumors exhibit lactic acidosis. This phenomenon known as “aerobic glycolysis” or the “Warburg effect” ( Yuan et al, 2021 ). The tumor-promoting mechanisms of TME include: 1) HIF-1α nuclear transport pathway: Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key transcriptional activator responsible for regulating target genes that contribute to survival and growth of cells in hypoxia condition ( You et al, 2021 ).…”