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Projections to the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) from a variety of hypothalamic nuclei were traced in the rat utilizing the anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine. Light microscopy revealed that the lateral hypothalamic area (LH), the posterior hypothalamic area (PH), and the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei (MMN and LMN) are the four major hypothalamic nuclei that give rise to labeled fibers and terminals reaching the rostral medial and dorsomedial BPN subdivisions. Hypothalamopontine fibers extended caudally through the pontine tegmentum dorsal to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and then coursed ventrally from the main descending bundle toward the ipsilateral basilar pontine gray. Some hypothalamopontine fibers crossed the midline in the tegmental area just dorsal to the pontine gray to terminate in the contralateral BPN. Electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructural features of synaptic boutons formed by axons arising in the LH, PH, MMN, and LMN are similar to one another. All labeled hypothalamopontine axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with dendritic shafts as well as dendritic appendages, and occasionally with neuronal somata. Some labeled boutons formed the central axon terminal in a glomerular synaptic complex. In summary, the present findings indicate that the hypothalamus projects predominantly to the rostral medial and dorsomedial portions of the BPN which, in turn, provide input to the paraflocculus and vermis of the cerebellum. Since the hypothalamic projection zones in the BPN also receive cerebral cortical input, including limbic-related cortex, the hypothalamopontine system might serve to integrate autonomic or limbic-related functions with movement or somatic motor-related activity. Alternatively, since the cerebellum also receives direct input from the hypothalamus, the BPN may function to provide Abbreviations: III, third ventricle; AH, anterior hypothalamic area; ARC, arcuate hypothalamic nucleus; BDA biotinylated dextran amine; BPN, basilar pontine nuclei (dL, dorsolateral BPN; dM, dorsomedial BPN; dPd, dorsal peduncular BPN; Lat, lateral BPN; Med, medial BPN; Vent, ventral BPN; vPd, ventral peduncular BPN); CG, central grey; cp, cerebral peduncle; DAB, 3,3Ј-diaminobenzidine; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; DTgN, dorsal tegmental nucleus; EM, electron microscopy; f, fornix; IPN, interpeduncular nucleus; LH, lateral hypothalamic area; LM, light microscopy; ml, medial lemniscus; MMN, medial mammillary nucleus (medMMN, pars medialis of MMN; latMMN, pars lateralis of MMN); mp, mammillary peduncle; mtt, mammil lothalamic tract; mtgt, mammillotegmental tract; NRTP, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; PH, posterior hypothalamic nucleus; SMN, supramammillary nucleus; TC, the area of tuberal cinereum; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; VTgN, ventral tegmental nucleus; WGA-HRP, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) have long been recogniz...
Projections to the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) from a variety of hypothalamic nuclei were traced in the rat utilizing the anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine. Light microscopy revealed that the lateral hypothalamic area (LH), the posterior hypothalamic area (PH), and the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei (MMN and LMN) are the four major hypothalamic nuclei that give rise to labeled fibers and terminals reaching the rostral medial and dorsomedial BPN subdivisions. Hypothalamopontine fibers extended caudally through the pontine tegmentum dorsal to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and then coursed ventrally from the main descending bundle toward the ipsilateral basilar pontine gray. Some hypothalamopontine fibers crossed the midline in the tegmental area just dorsal to the pontine gray to terminate in the contralateral BPN. Electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructural features of synaptic boutons formed by axons arising in the LH, PH, MMN, and LMN are similar to one another. All labeled hypothalamopontine axon terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic junctions with dendritic shafts as well as dendritic appendages, and occasionally with neuronal somata. Some labeled boutons formed the central axon terminal in a glomerular synaptic complex. In summary, the present findings indicate that the hypothalamus projects predominantly to the rostral medial and dorsomedial portions of the BPN which, in turn, provide input to the paraflocculus and vermis of the cerebellum. Since the hypothalamic projection zones in the BPN also receive cerebral cortical input, including limbic-related cortex, the hypothalamopontine system might serve to integrate autonomic or limbic-related functions with movement or somatic motor-related activity. Alternatively, since the cerebellum also receives direct input from the hypothalamus, the BPN may function to provide Abbreviations: III, third ventricle; AH, anterior hypothalamic area; ARC, arcuate hypothalamic nucleus; BDA biotinylated dextran amine; BPN, basilar pontine nuclei (dL, dorsolateral BPN; dM, dorsomedial BPN; dPd, dorsal peduncular BPN; Lat, lateral BPN; Med, medial BPN; Vent, ventral BPN; vPd, ventral peduncular BPN); CG, central grey; cp, cerebral peduncle; DAB, 3,3Ј-diaminobenzidine; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; DTgN, dorsal tegmental nucleus; EM, electron microscopy; f, fornix; IPN, interpeduncular nucleus; LH, lateral hypothalamic area; LM, light microscopy; ml, medial lemniscus; MMN, medial mammillary nucleus (medMMN, pars medialis of MMN; latMMN, pars lateralis of MMN); mp, mammillary peduncle; mtt, mammil lothalamic tract; mtgt, mammillotegmental tract; NRTP, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; PH, posterior hypothalamic nucleus; SMN, supramammillary nucleus; TC, the area of tuberal cinereum; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; VTgN, ventral tegmental nucleus; WGA-HRP, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) have long been recogniz...
A single bout of exercise results in a postexercise hypotension (PEH) that is accompanied by a reduced baroreflex function. Based on the role of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurons in controlling sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure, the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in controlling RVLM neuronal activity, and the reduced baroreflex-SNA relationship during PEH, we determined whether: 1) RVLM neuronal activity is decreased during PEH, 2) GABA(A)-receptor mechanisms mediate the decrease, and 3) baroreflex control of RVLM activity is reduced. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were subjected to 40 min of treadmill or sham exercise (Sham PEH). PEH lasted 10 h in conscious and anesthetized SHR, indicating that the anesthetics did not affect the expression of PEH. Extracellular RVLM neuronal activity having a cardiac and sympathetic rhythm, lumbar SNA, and blood pressure were recorded at rest and during baroreflex function curves. Resting RVLM neuronal activity was lower and was increased to a greater extent by GABA(A)-receptor antagonism in PEH versus Sham PEH (P < 0.05). Baroreflex control of RVLM neuronal activity operated with a reduced gain (P < 0.05). Thus increased GABA signaling at RVLM neurons may contribute to PEH.
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