Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Capsaicinoids and Lactobacillus plantarum Swun5815 Combined by Inhibiting Cholesterol Synthesis and Increasing Bile Acid and Sterols Excretion on Ovariectomized Rats

Abstract

This study evaluated the hypocholesterolemic effects and potential metabolism of single and combined administrations of capsaicinoids and Lactobacillus plantarum SWUN5815 in ovariectomized rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 treatment groups. One group was sham-operated (with 1 mL/100 g BW physiological saline), and the 4 other groups were double-ovariectomized: OVX-CON (with 1 mL/100 g BW physiological saline), OVX-CAP (with 1 mL/100 g BW physiological saline and fed with food containing 0.08 g/kg capsaicinoids), OVX-L. P. (with 1 mL 2 × 10 cfu/mL/100 g BW L. plantarum SWUN5815), and OVX-CAP + L. P. (with 1 mL 2 × 10 cfu/mL/100 g BW L. plantarum SWUN5815 and fed with food containing 0.08 g/kg capsaicinoids). Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks of feeding. Results showed that the combination of capsaicinoids and L. plantarum significantly decreased the total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of plasma, total cholesterol and lipid accumulation of liver in ovariectomized rats without affecting food intake. Bile acid contents in the fecal excrement and small intestines were significantly increased by the combination compared with the individual effects. However, the mRNA levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA R), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), ileum bile acid binding protein (IBABP), and apical sodium-dependent bile acids transporter (ASBT) significantly decreased. Liver X receptor also remarkably increased. Therefore, these genes potentially affect cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and promoting excretion of bile acid. The protective effects of the combination of capsaicinoids and L. plantarum SWUN5815 on the intestines were significant in ovariectomized rats.

Glycine Acts Through Estrogen Receptor Alpha to Mediate Estrogen Receptor Signaling, Stimulating Osteogenesis and Attenuating Adipogenesis in Ovariectomized Rats

“…[ 15 ] Paquette proved that fatty acid oxidation decreased in the liver of OVX rats; [ 16 ] additionally, increased food intake may be another reason for the increase in fatty tissue in OVX rats, although some research has indicated that there is no significant alteration in food intake, but that instead, fatty acid metabolism is slower in OVX rats. [ 17,18 ] Consequently, the specific reason why Glycine alleviated weight gain needs to be further explored in future. Traditional estrogen therapy may raise the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, [ 19 ] so it is necessary to evaluate any estrogen‐like effect of glycine.…”

Bone‐protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum B719‐fermented milk product

“…In other ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis studies, body weight gains were observed to occur without any effect on the appetite (Banin et al 2017;Ren et al 2018). Obesity is one of many symptoms that women face during the menopausal transition due to lack of oestrogen, which results in increased body weight (Choi et al 2017).…”

Mechanisms of probiotic modulation of ovarian sex hormone production and metabolism: a review

“…136 Regarding the mechanism of cholesterol lowering by probiotics, it has been found that Lactobacillus plantarum Swun5815 can influence cholesterol metabolism in ovariectomized rats by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and promoting bile acid excretion. 137 Although the liver is the primary producer of cholesterol, the relationship between cholesterol and sex steroid hormones remains within target organs such as the ovary. Further research is needed to elucidate how cholesterol production in the liver affects ovarian sex hormone secretion at the source (Fig.…”