Hyperosmolarity and Hyperelectrolytemia in Pathologic Conditions of Childhood

Hypernatremia in Children With Diarrhea

“…We also observed that children with hypernatremia frequently presented with fever, cough, and respiratory difficulties on admission, which might have contributed to loss of water (imperceptible loss), essentially electrolyte free, through lungs and skin. 2,6 Like the other studies, 2,12,25 most of the children engaged in this study were young infants; they usually have a larger surface area in relation to height or weight than adults and they lose relatively more water by evaporative loss, thus increasing the chance of hypernatremia. 2,6 Our observation of hyperglycemia in children with hypernatremia could be related to cellular stress consequent to intracellular dehydration, as described previously.…”

The Effects of Induced Hypernatremia Upon the General and Coronary Haemodynamics and Metabolism in the Intact Animal

“…As table II shows, our animals developed tachypnoea, a situation reported clinically [17], and considered as an additional source of water loss in the hypernatremic human [22], The increases in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are statis tically significant, but when mathematically associated in the I'ick equation with the remarkable increase in whole-body oxygen extraction (d arterial-mixed venous 0 2) result in a fall in cardiac output. The increase in arterial oxygen content parallels the haemo globin increase.…”

Plasma osmolality and protein intake in preterm infants.

“…Since a plasma osmolality of 300 mOsm/l. is regarded as the upper limit of normal (Rapoport, 1947), it was considered worth while determining the total number of individual observations above and including this value. In both groups A and B …”