Hyper-dendritic nanoporous zinc foam anodes

Chamoun, Mylad; Hertzberg, Benjamin; Gupta, Tanya; Davies, D. R.; Bhadra, Shoham; Tassell, Barry Van; Erdonmez, Can K.; Steingart, Dan

doi:10.1038/am.2015.32

Cited by 156 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A quantitative estimate of corrosion on total utilization at low currents is shown below in Table I. Using equilibrium and kinetic data 12,26 of hydrogen evolution and zinc dissolution in alkaline solution, an Evans Diagram was constructed to estimate the loss in utilization from corrosion, shown in Figure 6. The Evans Diagram estimates the reaction rates of each of the hydrogen evolution 3 and zinc dissolution 5 half-reactions over a range of potentials, assuming Tafel kinetics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HD Zn is produced via electrodeposition onto Ni wire or wire mesh at high overpotentials (−2.0 V vs. Hg/HgO) from a 8.9 M KOH/0.61 M saturated ZnO solution; further details on the formation and properties of HD Zn are described elsewhere. 12 After deposition, the hyper-dendritic Zn was washed first with deionized (DI) water, then with 0.01 M H 2 SO 4 , and again with DI water. The resulting powder was vacuum dried and ground by hand with a mortar and pestle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,12 In addition to providing high utilization under primary discharge, these electrode structures also allow for significant improvements in cyclability, albeit at the loss of volumetric energy density. Co-deposition of nano-zinc/graphene composites have also been demonstrated, with potentially useful applications in energy storage.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Hyper-Dendritic Zinc during High Rate Discharge in Alkaline Electrolytes

Davies

Hsieh

Hultmark

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Zinc is a low cost and abundant material, and its strong reducing potential combined with stability in aqueous solutions give it high energy density and safety. It is, therefore, known to be an excellent choice of anode for a wide range of battery designs. However, this material presents some challenges for use in a secondary battery, including morphology changes and dendrite growth during charge (Zn deposition), and low utilization during discharge (Zn dissolution). Low utilization is related to a combination of corrosion and passivation effects. In this paper, we demonstrate a hyper-dendritic (HD) zinc morphology that has a high surface area and allows for rapid discharge in a completely freestanding system with no binders or conductive additives, while still maintaining significantly higher utilization than typical zinc morphologies. At rates of 2.5 A/g, the HD zinc has a utilization level approximately 50% higher than typical zinc granules or dust. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, through tuning of the electrolyte with specific additives, we are able to further increase the utilization of the material at high rate discharge by up to 30%. Zinc possesses many characteristics that are favorable for large scale energy storage: high volumetric energy density, low cost, low toxicity, global abundance, and chemical compatibility with aqueous electrolytes.1 As an example of a zinc battery application, silver-zinc batteries have been successfully used as primary and secondary cells in a range of demanding applications, including those requiring large scale, high power and high energy density. These include critical military and space applications.However, zinc electrodes present some significant challenges, and anode failure is a key factor in the reduced cycle life of these batteries. 2These challenges include morphology changes and dendrite growth during deposition, 3 which can lead to problems such as the short circuit of a cell, and poor utilization efficiencies during dissolution, arising mainly from corrosion and passivation effects.1 As such, typical zinc utilization levels are limited to 60% or less. 4,5 Careful engineering and materials science can extend the cycle life of the electrode; however, the issues of morphology change and poor utilization still present major limitations for secondary batteries with a zinc electrode. 2,6 A range of battery designs have been proposed to address some of the morphology-related problems: flow-based designs, fuel cell-like designs, and novel electrode architectures.In flow-based systems, redox flow batteries based on chemistries such as ZnBr and ZnFe attempt to mitigate changes in electrode morphology during cycling by continuously reforming the cathode and anode. However, these systems can suffer from low energy density 7 due to the limited solubility of the dissolved redox species. Other battery designs proposed include semi-solid and flow-assisted designs where the active material is refreshed periodically.8 These flow based approaches suffer from a significant energ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Hyper-Dendritic Zinc during High Rate Discharge in Alkaline Electrolytes

Davies

Hsieh

Hultmark

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[6,22,23] However, the zinc system also has long-standing challenges, such as the unstable cathode and anode structures in the aqueous environment. On the cathode side, the cycling stability is related to how zinc ions and the electrolyte react with the cathode materials, which is much more complex as compared to the lithium-ion systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V₂O₅·nH₂O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

et al. 2017

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Among the aqueous rechargeable batteries, Zn 2+ -based batteries exhibit a series of unique attributes for large-scale energy storage: (i) feasibility of using low-cost Zn metal anode with a high theoretical specific capacity of 819 mA h g −1 ; (ii) replacement of the traditional alkaline electrolytes by mild neutral electrolytes, mitigating the environmental disruption and recycling costs; and (iii) low redox potential of Zn/Zn 2+ (−0.76 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) and two-electron transfer mechanism during cycling responsible for the high energy density. [6,22,23] However, the zinc system also has long-standing challenges, such as the unstable cathode and anode structures in the aqueous environment. On the cathode side, the cycling stability is related to how zinc ions and the electrolyte react with the cathode materials, which is much more complex as compared to the lithium-ion systems. An initial attempt on the hexacyanoferrate system delivered a limited capacity (≈60 mA h g −1 ), although a high operation voltage of ≈1.7 V was achieved. [23][24][25][26][27][28] Recently, Pan et al. demonstrated that the manganese oxide cathode goes through a chemical conversion reaction with the zinc species and H 2 O rather than the simple intercalation process, delivering a high capacity of ≈285 mA h g −1 and an operating voltage of ≈1.44 V. [29] Nazar's group developed a Zn 0.25 V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O cathode material, which displayed a specific energy of ≈250 Wh kg −1 (based on cathode) and a high capacity of 220 mA h g −1 at 15 C (1 C = 300 mA g −1 ). [30] During cycling, the structural water in Zn 0.25 V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O was revealed to exchange with Zn 2+ reversibly, thus resulting in good kinetics and rate performance. Furthermore, some other studies have also suggested the importance of H 2 O in metal ion intercalation. [23,31] During cycling, the solvating H 2 O works as a charge shield for the metal ions (Al 3+ , Mg 2+ , Li + , etc.), reducing their effective charges and hence their interactions with the host frameworks. [32,33] This strategy has been investigated to enhance the capacity and rate capability of Li + , Na + , and Mg 2+ batteries. [34][35][36][37][38][39] In this paper, we present a systematic and detailed study of the role of H 2 O in bilayer V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O (n ≥ 1) as a prototype cathode material for zinc batteries. By coupling the electrochemical measurements, thermogravimetric/differential BatteriesLarge-scale energy storage systems are critical for the integration of renewable energy and electric energy infrastructures. [1][2][3] Among numerous candidates, lithium-ion batteries with organic electrolytes are one of the most attractive options due to their high energy density [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and mature markets. [11,12] However, for grid scale energy storage, the cost of lithium-ion batteries is still too high, [13,14] and the use of the flammable organic electrolyte in large format batteries poses a severe safety and environmental concern. [15] As an alternative, low-cost aqueous batteries wi...

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“…Thaller's redox flow battery was comprised of iron and chromium [1]. Since that time, the design of the redox flow battery systems has evolved as witnessed by review of the numerous papers that have been published over the last four decades [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. And yet, this field is still in its infancy due to the lack of suitable electrode and electrolyte materials, together with difficulties in mastering the interfaces between them.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Electrolyte Concentration, Temperature, Flow Velocity and Current Density on Zn Deposit Morphology

Gavrilović-Wohlmuther¹,

Laskos²,

Zelger³

et al. 2015

JEPE

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Abstract:The most critical disadvantages of the Zn-air flow battery system are corrosion of the zinc, which appears as a high self-discharge current density and a short cycle life due to the non-uniform, dendritic, zinc electrodeposition that can lead to internal short-circuit. In our efforts to find a dendrite-free Zn electrodeposition which can be utilized in the Zn-air flow battery, the surface morphology of the electrolytic Zn deposits on a polished polymer carbon composite anode in alkaline, additive-free solutions was studied. Experiments were carried out with 0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.5 M zincate concentrations in 8 M KOH. The effects of different working conditions such as: elevated temperatures, different current densities and different flow velocities, on current efficiency and dendrite formation were investigated. Specially designed test flow-cell with a central transparent window was employed. The highest Coulombic efficiencies of 80%-93% were found for 0.5 M ZnO in 8 M KOH, at increased temperatures (50-70 °C), current densities of up to 100 mA·cm -2 and linear electrolyte flow velocities higher than 6.7 cm·s -1 .

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Hyper-dendritic nanoporous zinc foam anodes

Cited by 156 publications

References 33 publications

Utilization of Hyper-Dendritic Zinc during High Rate Discharge in Alkaline Electrolytes

Utilization of Hyper-Dendritic Zinc during High Rate Discharge in Alkaline Electrolytes

Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V₂O₅·nH₂O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

Effects of Electrolyte Concentration, Temperature, Flow Velocity and Current Density on Zn Deposit Morphology

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Hyper-dendritic nanoporous zinc foam anodes

Cited by 156 publications

References 33 publications

Utilization of Hyper-Dendritic Zinc during High Rate Discharge in Alkaline Electrolytes

Utilization of Hyper-Dendritic Zinc during High Rate Discharge in Alkaline Electrolytes

Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V2O5·nH2O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

Effects of Electrolyte Concentration, Temperature, Flow Velocity and Current Density on Zn Deposit Morphology

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Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V₂O₅·nH₂O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries