Hydroxyapatite Modified with Carbon‐Nanotube‐Reinforced Poly(methyl methacrylate): A Nanocomposite Material for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The paper reports on a freeze‐granulation technique to prepare a novel nanocomposite of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐modified hydroxyapatite (HA) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as reinforcement for a new generation biomedical bone cement and implant coatings. By using this technique it is possible to increase material homogeneity and also enhance the dispersion of MWCNTs in the composite matrix. The phase composition and the surface morphology of the nanocomposite material were studied using X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, nanomechanical properties of different concentrations of MWCNT‐reinforced nanocomposite were performed by a nanoindentation technique, which indicates that a concentration of 0.1 wt % MWCNTs in the PMMA/HA nanocomposite material gives the best mechanical properties.

Calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a reinforcement filler in dental resin nanocomposite

“…Secondly, at a high concentration of the filler particles, agglomeration occurred due to weak Vander Waal forces, thereby reducing the interaction, resulting in the decreased mechanical properties of the composites [ 60 ]. Moreover, in the PMMA matrix, a high concentration of the filler particles caused less PMMA matrix to intercalate into HA distribution, thus weakening the bond between them and finally decreased the hardness of the composite [ 53 , 62 ]. The increase in hardness of the AR due to the reinforcement of the added particles for the blank matrix (AR) followed the trend as AR < C m C < WC < CC (Table 7 ).…”

Calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a reinforcement filler in dental resin nanocomposite

“…Secondly, at a high concentration of the filler particles, agglomeration occurred due to weak Vander Waal forces, thereby reducing the interaction, resulting in the decreased mechanical properties of the composites [ 60 ]. Moreover, in the PMMA matrix, a high concentration of the filler particles caused less PMMA matrix to intercalate into HA distribution, thus weakening the bond between them and finally decreased the hardness of the composite [ 53 , 62 ]. The increase in hardness of the AR due to the reinforcement of the added particles for the blank matrix (AR) followed the trend as AR < C m C < WC < CC (Table 7 ).…”

Optimization of the Mechanical Properties and the Cytocompatibility for the PMMA Nanocomposites Reinforced with the Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers and the Magnesium Phosphate Nanosheets

“…It was reported that the optimal fiber used as reinforcement in a polymer-based composite should have high aspect ratio so that the stresses developed within them are remarkably larger than the nominal stresses in the composites [ 23 ]. Therefore, these HA nanofibers possibly fulfill the requirements of optimal fibers in the composite.…”

Bio‐inspired “green” nanocomposite using hydroxyapatite synthesized from eggshell waste and soy protein

“…However, it seems to have no significant effect on the mechanical properties of composites by optimum NaPA coating which is very less in terms of soy protein matrix. Rather, the dispersion at the microscopic level is one of the important factors that can significantly improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites . Figure shows the dispersion state of nEHA in SPI‐nEHA3, SPI‐nEHA5, and SPI‐nEHA10 nanocomposite sheets.…”

Calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a reinforcement filler in dental resin nanocomposite

“…Secondly, at a high concentration of the filler particles, agglomeration occurred due to weak Vander Waal forces, thereby reducing the interaction, resulting in the decreased mechanical properties of the composites [ 60 ]. Moreover, in the PMMA matrix, a high concentration of the filler particles caused less PMMA matrix to intercalate into HA distribution, thus weakening the bond between them and finally decreased the hardness of the composite [ 53 , 62 ]. The increase in hardness of the AR due to the reinforcement of the added particles for the blank matrix (AR) followed the trend as AR < C m C < WC < CC (Table 7 ).…”

Optimization of the Mechanical Properties and the Cytocompatibility for the PMMA Nanocomposites Reinforced with the Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers and the Magnesium Phosphate Nanosheets

“…It was reported that the optimal fiber used as reinforcement in a polymer-based composite should have high aspect ratio so that the stresses developed within them are remarkably larger than the nominal stresses in the composites [ 23 ]. Therefore, these HA nanofibers possibly fulfill the requirements of optimal fibers in the composite.…”

Bio‐inspired “green” nanocomposite using hydroxyapatite synthesized from eggshell waste and soy protein

“…However, it seems to have no significant effect on the mechanical properties of composites by optimum NaPA coating which is very less in terms of soy protein matrix. Rather, the dispersion at the microscopic level is one of the important factors that can significantly improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites . Figure shows the dispersion state of nEHA in SPI‐nEHA3, SPI‐nEHA5, and SPI‐nEHA10 nanocomposite sheets.…”

Calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a reinforcement filler in dental resin nanocomposite

“…Secondly, at a high concentration of the filler particles, agglomeration occurred due to weak Vander Waal forces, thereby reducing the interaction, resulting in the decreased mechanical properties of the composites [ 60 ]. Moreover, in the PMMA matrix, a high concentration of the filler particles caused less PMMA matrix to intercalate into HA distribution, thus weakening the bond between them and finally decreased the hardness of the composite [ 53 , 62 ]. The increase in hardness of the AR due to the reinforcement of the added particles for the blank matrix (AR) followed the trend as AR < C m C < WC < CC (Table 7 ).…”

Optimization of the Mechanical Properties and the Cytocompatibility for the PMMA Nanocomposites Reinforced with the Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers and the Magnesium Phosphate Nanosheets

“…It was reported that the optimal fiber used as reinforcement in a polymer-based composite should have high aspect ratio so that the stresses developed within them are remarkably larger than the nominal stresses in the composites [ 23 ]. Therefore, these HA nanofibers possibly fulfill the requirements of optimal fibers in the composite.…”

Bio‐inspired “green” nanocomposite using hydroxyapatite synthesized from eggshell waste and soy protein

“…However, it seems to have no significant effect on the mechanical properties of composites by optimum NaPA coating which is very less in terms of soy protein matrix. Rather, the dispersion at the microscopic level is one of the important factors that can significantly improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites . Figure shows the dispersion state of nEHA in SPI‐nEHA3, SPI‐nEHA5, and SPI‐nEHA10 nanocomposite sheets.…”