“…3,24 The stabilization/immobilization technique is an in situ remediation treatment that is cost-effective and environmentally friendly (Xia et al, 2019). 55 Various inorganic materials, such as clay minerals, 42 lime, 59 nanomaterials, 5 metal oxides, 31,52 and metal-organic frameworks, 58 have been used to immobilize Cd(II) and Pb(II) in contaminated soils. Additionally, organic materials, such as biochar, 6,25,28,34,43 activated carbon, 10 and chitosan, 69 have been used as amendments to immobilize HMs, including Cd(II) and Pb(II) in soils.…”