Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of water quality in the Al-Saad Lake, Abha Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of water quality investigations have been carried out at Abha, located in Saudi Arabia, where Al-Saad Lake represents a rare example of natural endorheic lake. The ecosystem within and around the Al-Saad Lake including catchment area is of great social, cultural, aesthetic, environmental and economic values to Abha. The result obtained in this investigation inferred that the cations in water i.e. sodium and iron are within the permissible limits but magnesium and potassium have exceeded the permissible limit. Whereas anions such as nitrate and fluoride are within the permissible range but chloride and sulphate have exceeded the permissible limits. The concentration of cation, magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in the lake water has exceeded the desirable range (30, 10 mg/L, respectively). This may be due to weathering and transported from rocks and particularly from sulphate deposits such as gypsum and anhydride and subsequently ends up in water. The concentration of anion, Sulphate (SO 4 ) and chloride are above the desirable limit. The major source of bicarbonate are the carbonate rocks containing calcite (CaCO 3 ) and dolomite (CaMg (CO 3 ) 2 ), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) can also be transported from Ca-silicates and Mg-silicates. The piper trilinear plot suggests the increase of Ca and SO 4 contents is attributed to dissolution of gypsum and anhydrite, which are commonly found in the quaternary formations of watershed (wadi). Ion exchange, dissolution of calcite, semi-arid climate, alkaline condition and weathering are responsible for high concentration of ions exceeding the desirable limit of the study area.

Assessing the impact of land use and land cover dynamics on water quality of Dal Lake, NW Himalaya, India

“…Various studies such as National Research Council and Mono Basin Ecosystem Study Committee (1987), Council and Bennett (1993), Habersack and Nachtnebel (1995), Tenzer et al (1997), Hernandez and Ernest (1999), Schoonover et al (2005), Salvia-Castellví et al (2005, Salomons and Stigliani eds (2012), Mallick (2017), Thakur et al (2018), Denizman (2018), Jasrotia et al (2018), and Roy et al (2018) have shown that sediment-water interactions and the human activities such as agrarian and forestry practices, as well as the release of domestic wastewaters into the water bodies, are statistically related as have been analyzed in the present study.…”

Microbiological, physicochemical, and heavy metals assessment of groundwater quality in the Triffa plain (eastern Morocco)

“…On the other hand, the plot of HCO 3 versus Ca (Fig. 8) indicates the ionic association between them (Saber et al 2013;Mallick 2017). …”

“…On the other hand, the plots of HCO 3 versus SO 4 and SO 4 versus Cl (Fig. 8) show that the pollutants are inputs from the soil surface and their origin is the same: from fertilizers and from animal and human wastes (Saber et al 2013;Mallick 2017;Unnisa S and Zainab Bi 2017). According to WHO standards, the admissible levels of Cu, Zn, Al, Cd, and Fe in potable water are 2, 3, 0.2, 0.003, and 0.2 mg/l, respectively.…”

“…The deterioration of groundwater quality by nitrate and microbial contamination has been the subject of a number research papers (Lamrani Alaoui et al 2008;Bahri and Saibi 2012;Douagui et al 2012;Saber et al 2013;Merghem et al 2016;Al-Barakah F et al 2017;Mallick 2017;Unnisa S and Zainab Bi 2017). The World Health Organization (WHO 2000) has set a limit of 50 mg/l on nitrates in drinking water based on the formation of methemoglobinemia in red cells (Douagui et al 2012).…”

Determining the lake protected zones using GIS-based DRASTIC model to groundwater vulnerability in Salda Lake basin (Burdur/Turkey)

“…The surface water quality depends not only on natural processes, i.e. precipitation inputs, erosion, and weathering of crustal materials, but also on anthropogenic influences (Mallick, 2017). Here domestic and agricultural consumption generally predominate over other water uses (Davraz et al, 2019).…”