Hydrochemistry and geothermometry of geothermal water in the central Guanzhong Basin, China: a case study in Xi’an

Xu, Panpan; Li, Mengna; Qian, Hui; Zhang, Qiying; Liu, Fengxia; Hou, Kai

doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8099-1

Cited by 49 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The Guanzhong Basin is located in the center of Shaanxi province, China, at latitudes from 107°30’ to 110°30’ E, and longitudes from 34°00’ to 35°40’ N [36]. It is bounded by the Qinling Mountains to the south, the North Mountains to the north, the Baoji Canyon to the west, and the Tongguan to the east [37]. The Guanzhong Basin occupies 2 × 10 4 km 2 .…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Irrigation Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

Feng

Qian

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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129

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Groundwater is the major water resource for the agricultural development of the Guanzhong Basin, China. In this study, a total of 97 groundwater samples (51 from the North Bank of the Wei River (NBWR) and 46 from the South Bank of the Wei River (SBWR)) were collected from the central-western Guanzhong Basin. The aim of this study was to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the basin and to determine the suitability of shallow groundwater for irrigation. The groundwater of the entire study area is alkaline. The groundwater of the SBWR is fresh water, and the NBWR groundwater is either freshwater or brackish water. The average concentration of ions (except for Ca2+) in SBWR samples is lower than in NBWR samples. HCO3− is dominant in the groundwater of the study area. Ca2+ is dominant in the SBWR while Na+ is dominant in the NBWR. The SBWR groundwater is mainly of the HCO3-Ca·Mg type, and has undergone the main hydrogeochemical processes of rock weathering-leaching. The hydrochemical facies of the majority of the NBWR groundwater samples are the HCO3-Na type with several minor hydrochemical facies of the HCO3-Ca·Mg, SO4·Cl-Na, and SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg types. Its chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering, cation exchange, and evaporation. Salinity hazard, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard, permeability index, Kelley’s ratio, potential salinity, synthetic harmful coefficient, and irrigation coefficient were assessed to evaluate the irrigation quality of groundwater. The results of the comprehensive consideration of these indicators indicate that the percentage of NBWR water samples suitable for irrigation purposes ranges between 15.7% and 100% at an average level of 56.7%. Of the SBWR water samples suitable for irrigation, the percentage ranges from 78.3% to 100% with an average of 91.8%. Land irrigated with such water will not be exposed to any alkali hazard, but will suffer from a salinity hazard, which is more severe in the NBWR. Thus, most of the water in the NBWR can be used for soils with good drainage conditions which control salinity.

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Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…on the western edge, with the average elevation of 400 m a.s.l. [36,37]. Xi’an is the Guanzhong urban agglomeration center, and it is a major agricultural production base of Shaanxi Province [38].…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Irrigation Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

Feng

Qian

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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129

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“…While the weak correlation is represented by r value and it less than 0.3.When r values are between 0.3 and 0.7, the relationship is considered moderate. (Xu et al, 2019b;Emenike et al, 2018 Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate statistical method, which can identify the correlation between variables (Xiao et al, 2019). The interpretation of principal components (PC) was performed on the hydrochemical characteristics of the surface water samples using a scree plot (Fig.…”

Section: Correlation Analysis Of Water Quality Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the r values is greater than 0.7, the correlation is considered strong. While the weak correlation is represented by r value and it less than 0.3.When r values are between 0.3 and 0.7, the relationship is considered moderate (Xu et al, 2019b;Emenike et al, 2018)…”

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confidence: 99%

Surface water quality assessment using hybrid multivariate statistical analysis and geographic information system based on integrated water quality index model for Maozhou River Basin, Guangdong, China

Lin¹,

Yu²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The river is a vital component of the water ecosystem in both urban and rural regions. However, its rapidly increasing pollutants are posing a severe threat for water ecosystem security. Using Multivariate statistical technique and Integrated water quality index model (IWQI) to evaluate surface water quality and its spatial distribution based on Geographic information system (GIS). This combinatorial model have been proved to be a feasible tool for evaluating surface water quality at large-scale basin. This study analyzed the spatio-temporal variations of surface water quality, which were determined monthly from samples collected in the Maozhou River Basin Guangdong Province, China from 2018 to 2020. The results demonstrated that the surface water quality status of in the Maozhou River Basin has been steadily improved during the study period. The surface water quality of 82.17% of monitoring site reached the water quality target of function zones (surface water quality of the class V standards), with the IWQI values ranging from 12.118 to 3.650. By the end of 2019, black-odorous water in Maozhou River basin has disappeared from our sight. By 2020, the water quality status of the Maozhou River Basin has been steadily maintained at “Medium and good” level, and the main background pollutants for the water quality target of function zones is NH3-N. However, the some area in which the surface water quality still need to further improve is estuary and southwest tributary in the basin. This finding calls for further efforts to improve surface water quality and to properly deal with various sources of pollution in the watershed. It is concluded that this combined surface water quality evaluation model is more efficient and reasonable for surface water quality evaluation at a larger scale. It can provide scientific foundation for the water ecosystem management and planning in efficiently managing and evaluating surface water quality at river or basin scales.

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“…The Guanzhong Basin covers an area of 2 × 10 4 km 2 and is located at approximately 33°00’–35°20′ N and 106°30′–110°30′ E in the middle of Shaanxi Province, China [28,29]. Its average elevation is about 400 m above sea level (a.s.l.)…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk (HHR) Evaluation of Nitrate in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

Zhang

Qian

2019

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To investigate the quality of domestic groundwater and assess its risk to inhabitants of the Guanzhong Basin, China, 191 groundwater samples were collected to analyze major ions, nitrate, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), and electrical conductivity (EC). The physiochemical parameters, hydrochemical facies, and sources of major ions were analyzed using Durov diagrams, bivariate diagrams, and chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-I and CAI-II). The suitability of groundwater for drinking, the nitrate distribution, and human health risk (HHR) for different age groups were evaluated. The results showed that the relative abundance of cations in the groundwater samples was K++Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+, while that of anions was HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3−. Groundwater samples mainly contained HCO3-Na and HCO3-Ca, which were introduced mainly by rock weathering and ion exchange. The groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin contained mainly good and medium water, and the groundwater in the southern part of the Wei River was better than that north of the Wei River. Areas containing high nitrate concentrations were mainly located in the central and western parts of the Guanzhong Basin. The percentages of low risk (<45 mg/L), high risk (45–100 mg/L), and very high risk (>100 mg/L) of nitrate pollution in the study area were 90.58%, 8.9%, and 0.52%, respectively. The HHR assessment results indicated that people in the 6–12 month age group were more likely to suffer from health complications due to a higher nitrate concentration, followed by 6–11 years, 21–65 years, 18–21 years, ≥65 years, 11–16 years, and 16–18 years age groups, which was mainly due to the different exposure parameters. The results of this study will be useful in regional groundwater management and protection.

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Hydrochemistry and geothermometry of geothermal water in the central Guanzhong Basin, China: a case study in Xi’an

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Irrigation Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Irrigation Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

Surface water quality assessment using hybrid multivariate statistical analysis and geographic information system based on integrated water quality index model for Maozhou River Basin, Guangdong, China

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk (HHR) Evaluation of Nitrate in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China

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