Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Scaffolding Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies

Abstract

Abstract:The introduction of hybrid materials in regenerative medicine has solved some problems related to the mechanical and bioactive properties of biomaterials. Calcium phosphates and their derivatives have provided the basis for inorganic components, thanks to their good bioactivity, especially in bone regeneration. When mixed with biodegradable polymers, the result is a synergic association that mimics the composition of many tissues of the human body and, additionally, exhibits suitable mechanical properties. Together with the development of nanotechnology and new synthesis methods, hybrids offer a promising option for the development of a third or fourth generation of smart biomaterials and scaffolds to guide the regeneration of natural tissues, with an optimum efficiency/cost ratio. Their potential bioactivity, as well as other valuable features of hybrids, open promising new pathways for their usein bone regeneration and other tissue repair therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different hybrid organic-inorganic scaffolding bio-materials developed so far for regenerative therapies, especially in bone. It also looks at the potential for research into hybrid materials for other, softer tissues, which is still at an initial stage, but with very promising results.

Osteoconductive and Osteoinductive Surface Modifications of Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration: A Concise Review

“…Nowadays, there is a growing trend in the development of composite bone scaffolds that are composed of both organic and inorganic constituents to mimic natural bone tissue. The organic part of biomaterial provides biomaterial flexibility and improves its biocompatibility [21][22][23], whereas Taking into account the main requirements of the biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications, special attention should be paid to their biological characteristics, such as biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity [6,10,11]. The biocompatibility represents the ability of the scaffold to perform appropriate host response without side effects, like cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, immunogenicity, and genotoxicity [5,12].…”

“…Nowadays, there is a growing trend in the development of composite bone scaffolds that are composed of both organic and inorganic constituents to mimic natural bone tissue. The organic part of biomaterial provides biomaterial flexibility and improves its biocompatibility [21][22][23], whereas the inorganic part provides load-bearing strength and stiffness [22]. In organic-inorganic composites, the organic matrix may be composed of natural polymers (e.g., chitosan, collagen, hyaluronic acid, fibrin, silk fibroin, alginate, amylopectin, carrageenan, agar, dextran, xanthan gum, pullulan) [15,[23][24][25][26] and/or synthetic polymers (e.g., polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), polyanhydride, polyphosphazene, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polypropylene fumarate (PPF)) [27], whereas the inorganic part may be made of metal alloys [16] and ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphate bone cements (CPS), α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), Bioglass (BG), glass-ceramics, as well as carbon nanotubes [15,24,27,28].…”

“…Currently, there are several manufacturing technologies enabling porous scaffold fabrication (e.g., 3D printing, bioprinting, electrospinning, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, freeze-drying, gas foaming, solvent casting/particle leaching, and phase separation) [20,22,27,29]. Despite rapid development of manufacturing technologies for biomaterial fabrication, researchers are still faced with a challenge to develop completely biocompatible material with appropriate physicochemical and mechanical properties.…”

“…Topography of the biomaterial surface plays a critical role in the first stages of osseointegration and thereby precludes from implant failure. It is well known that meso-/microporosity and roughness of the biomaterial surface exert positive impact on cellular response, including better cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [22,117,118]. Moreover, macroporous (pore size > 50 µm) structure enhances osseointegration and bone ingrowth, whereas microporosity (pore size < 2 µm) increases surface area which contributes to higher protein adsorption capacity of the biomaterial.…”

Optimization of blend parameters for the fabrication of polycaprolactone‐silicon based ormoglass nanofibers by electrospinning

“…10 The further the jet travels from the drop, the more elongated and thinner it becomes, because of its instability. 20,24 Despite the remarkable biological performance achieved, it has been noted that depositing the fibers was difficult when using this composite mix with tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. 11 During this whipping process, the solvent evaporates and the jet solidifies.…”