Humidity‐Insensitive, Large‐Area‐Applicable, Hot‐Air‐Assisted Ambient Fabrication of 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

2D layered perovskites (LPs) have shown great potential to deliver high‐performance photovoltaic devices with long‐term stability. Despite many signs of progress being made in film quality and device performance, LP films are mainly processed in strict conditions and through non‐scalable techniques. Here, the hot‐air‐assisted ambient fabrication technique is introduced to prepare LP films for efficient and stable solar cells. The high‐quality LP films with good crystallinity, preferable orientation and desirable morphology are obtained by balancing the crystal nucleation and growth processes. Employing the synchrotron‐based in situ grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction technique, hot air induces the solidification of solutes and forms an intermediate at the air–liquid interface, which transforms into 3D‐like perovskite, followed by the growth of the 2D species toward the substrate. The optimal LP film delivers a device power conversion efficiency of 16.36%, the best value for the LP‐based solar cells prepared by the non‐spin‐coating techniques. The solar cell performance is insensitive to the film processing humidity and the device size is upscalable, which promises real‐world deployment of LP‐based optoelectronic devices.

Two-dimensional material assisted-growth strategy: new insights and opportunities

“…Despite substantial advancements in enhancing film quality and optimizing device efficacy, the current processing methods for LP films predominantly rely on non-scalable technologies operating under stringent conditions. Chen et al introduced hot airassisted environmental manufacturing technology to prepare efficient and stable LP thin films of solar cells [83]. By carefully controlling the interplay between crystal nucleation and growth processes, high-quality LP thin films with desirable crystallinity, preferred orientation, and optimal morphology were successfully produced.…”

Tuning Hole Transport Properties and Perovskite Crystallization via Pyridine‐Based Molecules for Quasi‐2D Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[40] Furthermore, the control film exhibited the signal of the 2D perovskites at q z = 0.3 Å −1 , indicating that the 2D perovskite with parallel orientation to the substrate was mainly located at the bottom of the film, which could impede charge transport and extraction. [41] Charge transport pathways are greatly influenced by the phase distribution in Q-2D perovskite films containing multiple phases. To provide a thorough assessment of the n-phase distribution at the back (glass substrate side) and top (perovskite film side) side, ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy was performed.…”

Layered Low‐Dimensional Ruddlesden‐Popper and Dion‐Jacobson Perovskites: From Material Properties to Photovoltaic Device Performance

“…Chen et al used a hot-air-assisted ambient fabrication technique achieving a PCE of 12.5 % with an aperture area of 1.06 cm 2 . [120] Ma et al prepared large-area (2 × 3 cm 2 , 5 × 5 cm 2 ) 2D perovskite minimodules with an impressive efficiency of 14.81 % and 11.13 % through tailoring phase alignment and interfaces via polyelectrolyte anchoring. [121] These attempts and efforts have greatly promoted the development of RP perovskites.…”

“…Chen et al. used a hot‐air‐assisted ambient fabrication technique achieving a PCE of 12.5 % with an aperture area of 1.06 cm 2 [120] . Ma et al.…”