Human repeated insult patch test of 2‐butoxyethanol

Greenspan, Alan; Reardon, R. C.; Gingell, Ralph; Rosica, Kathryn A.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00458.x

Cited by 7 publications

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“…2-Butoxyethanol (BE), also known as ethylene glycol monon-butyl ether, is the most widely produced glycol ether of the ethylene glycol series (Greenspan et al 1995) and is used in both industrial and consumer products as an organic solvent and emulsifying agent. The high potential for occupational and public exposures to BE has been recognized by both United States and international chemical safety and regulatory bodies (National Industrial Chemicals Noti cation and Assessment Scheme [NICNAS] 1996; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Occupational Exposure Survey [NIOSH, NOES] 1981-1983 and has led to the publication of a comprehensive evaluation of BE in cleaning products by the Australian government (NICNAS 1996).…”

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“…Out of nine glycol ethers evaluated, only BE and isopropoxyethanol caused irritation on contact with the skin (Zissu 1995). BE is not a contact sensitizer in humans (Greenspan et al 1995) or guinea pigs (Zissu 1995). Glycol ethers readily penetrate the skin (Johanson and Fernstrom 1986;Kezic et al 1997;Tyler 1984), and absorption of BE has been demonstrated following topical exposures in humans (Johanson, Boman, and Dynesius 1988), guinea pigs (Johanson and Fernstrom 1986), and rats (Sabourin et al 1992).…”

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Suppression of the Contact Hypersensitivity Response Following Topical Exposure to 2-Butoxyethanol in Female BALB/c Mice

et al. 2002

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The effects of route of exposure, time of exposure and metabolism of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) on the contact hypersensitivity response (CHR) were evaluated in female BALB/c mice. Mice were either orally exposed to 50, 150 or 400 mg BE/kg or topically exposed to 0.25, 1.0, 4.0 or 16.0 mg BE on the ear and the oxazolone (OXA)-induced CHR evaluated by measuring ear thickness before and after OXA challenge. While no modulation was observed following oral exposure to BE, topical exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the CHR. Application of 4.0 mg BE in 4:1 acetone and olive oil (AOO) vehicle at the time of sensitization, challenge or both, decreased the CHR by 18%, 18% and 22%, respectively. A time course study of the effects of topical exposure to 4.0 mg BE/ear during the challenge phase of the CHR revealed that BE must be applied at the time of OXA challenge to significantly reduce the ear swelling response. In order to determine if metabolism of topically applied BE was required for suppression of the CHR, butoxyacetic acid (BAA), the primary metabolite of BE, was applied to the ear immediately following OXA challenge. No topical dose of BAA (2.0,4.0 and 8.0 mg BAA/ear) administered in this study altered the CHR. Blocking the metabolism of BE by oral administration of 4-methylpyrazole (MP), further reduced OXA-induced ear swelling when compared to mice exposed to BE without MP treatment. Taken together, these studies indicated that suppression of the CHR in mice following topical exposure to this glycol ether was due to the activity of BE itself and was not dependent on metabolic activation of the compound. Further studies were undertaken to identify a potential mechanism of BE-induced reduction of the CHR. Epidermal cells from untreated BALB/c mice were isolated and exposed to BE in vitro (10(-12), 10(-10), 10(-8), 10(-6) and l0(-4) M BE). In vitro exposure to BE at these concentrations did not significantly affect expression of MHC class II surface protein or protein synthesis in epidermal Langerhans cells, failing to provide in vitro evidence that BE-associated suppression of the CHR is associated with a reduction in MHC class II expression.

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Suppression of the Contact Hypersensitivity Response Following Topical Exposure to 2-Butoxyethanol in Female BALB/c Mice

et al. 2002

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Kelsey

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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E series Glycol ethers are alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol along with their acetate esters. They are commonly used in paints and cleaners and typically have a higher boiling point in conjunction with the favorable solvent properties of lower‐molecular weight ethers, esters, and alcohols. They are colorless liquids that have mild earthy or fruity odors. The ethers are miscible with water and/or with numerous organic solvents making them useful as solvents in oil‐water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints and inks. The surface tension and solvent properties of the ethers make them useful in cleaners. Other uses of the ethers include process solvents and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Most glycol ethers have low acute, single‐dose toxicity to humans. The most notable and well‐known effect relevant to humans is toxicity to male fertility and developmental toxicity produced by those glycol ethers that can metabolize to produce significant amounts of methoxyacetic acid such as methoxy ethanol and the methyl glymes.

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Boatman¹,

Knaak²

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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There are currently seven U.S. manufacturers of ethers and other derivatives of ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and higher glycols. Five of them are members of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Glycol Ethers' Panel. The glycol ethers most commonly encountered industrially are colorless liquids that have mild ethereal odors. Alkyl glycol ethers are manufactured in a closed, continuous process by reacting ethylene oxide with an anhydrous alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Depending on the molar ratios of the reactants and other process parameters, the product mixtures obtained contain varying amounts of the monoethylene‐, diethylene‐, triethylene‐, and higher glycol ethers. Typically, the products in these mixtures are separated and purified by fractional distillation. The miscibility of most of these ethers with water and with a large number of organic solvents makes them especially useful as solvents in oil–water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints. Other uses include inks, cleaners, chemical intermediates, process solvents, brake fluids, and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. An estimate of the U.S. production and use of representative ethylene glycol ethers is presented. Production of ethylene glycol ethers (total) in Western Europe amounted to 245 thousand metric tons in 1995. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Ingestion is not a concern in industrial exposure, although some cases of intentional ingestion of consumer products containing ethylene glycol ethers have been reported. A number of analytical methods have been published that are suitable for detecting glycol ethers in environmental air samples. Glycol ethers generally have low acute, single‐dose toxicity, and LD 50 values generally range from 1.0 to 4.0 g/kg of body weight. In animals and humans, high‐dose administrations (>350 mg/kg) result in central nervous system depression, although the results from many studies show no specific damage to neural tissues. Other toxicological effects attributable to glycol ethers are associated with metabolism to the corresponding alkoxyacetic acids. In the case of EGME, EGEE, and certain other glycol ether derivatives, significant reproductive, developmental, hematologic, and immunologic effects have been associated with the formation of either methoxyacetic (MAA) or ethoxyacetic acids (EAA). For other glycol ether derivatives substituted with propyl, butyl, or higher homologues, developmental effects secondary to maternal toxicity (without teratogenic effects), as well as hematologic effects, are observed. Ethylene glycol ethers and acetates may enter the environment from manufacturing effluents and emissions and as a result of their use in commercial products.

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Human repeated insult patch test of 2‐butoxyethanol

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Suppression of the Contact Hypersensitivity Response Following Topical Exposure to 2-Butoxyethanol in Female BALB/c Mice

Suppression of the Contact Hypersensitivity Response Following Topical Exposure to 2-Butoxyethanol in Female BALB/c Mice

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

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