Human Rabies in China

Zhāng, Yǒng-Zhèn; Xiong, Chenglong; Xiao, Dong-Lou; Jiang, Rong; Wang, Zhao-xiao; Zhang, Ling-Zhu; Fu, Zhen F.

doi:10.3201/eid1112.040775

Cited by 69 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…There was no information about rabies and the risk of animal bite in the current study population. But the findings were consistent with those of the previous studies revealing that the population may not be aware of the risks of animal bites (18,19). Khazaei et al (9) in a similar study reported that distance to the RTC was more than 30 km for 51.3% of the bitten people and 72.5% of them did not receive timely PEP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Delay in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Factors Among People Bitten by Animals in the Northeast of Iran, 2015

Khazaei

Rezaeian

Salehiniya

et al. 2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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Background: Despite the importance of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), studies conducted in Iran on PEP showed different findings and it is not well documented yet. Objectives:The current study aimed to evaluate the delayed time of PEP and associated factors in bitten people. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 397 subjects of animal bites in Khalilabad County, Northeast of Iran, from March 2012 to March 2013. The census method was employed to use the data on animal bites recorded in the rabies treatment center (RTC).Results: Overall, 93.4% of the subjects received PEP in less than 48 hours after exposure. Of the 397 subjects, 86.0% were male, 61.7% aged 0 -30 years, and 64.7% lived in rural areas. The subjects were mainly bitten by domestic dogs (79.8%), most of the subjects (91.9%) were involved with superficial wounds, and the most common sites of the animal bite were legs (48.1%) and hands (40.6%). The bite incidents happened more frequently in spring (29.2%) followed by summer (26.7%). There was only significant difference in delayed PEP with respect to the type of biting animal (x 2 = 30.8, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The rabies PEP is well monitored in the region and its delayed time depends on the type of biting animal especially domestic dogs. Considering the high proportion of stray and domestic dogs as a public health concern in the district, the educational programs and the rabies vaccinations of dogs is recommended in the community.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Delay in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Factors Among People Bitten by Animals in the Northeast of Iran, 2015

Khazaei

Rezaeian

Salehiniya

et al. 2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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“…Rabies was first described in China in about 556 BC and has been continually reported for the following 2500 years (Wang & Huang 2001). Between 1950 and, a total of 108 412 human rabies cases were reported (Zhang et al, 2005). Now China has the second highest number of human HBV cases in the world after India (Tang & Li, 2005); in 2007 alone, the total case numbers were 3302, with particularly high incidence in southern and eastern regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A history estimate and evolutionary analysis of rabies virus variants in China

Ming

Yan

Rayner

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in China, we collected and sequenced 55 isolates sampled from 14 Chinese provinces over the last 40 years and performed a coalescent-based analysis of the G gene. This revealed that the RABV currently circulating in China is composed of three main groups. Bayesian coalescent analysis estimated the date of the most recent common ancestor for the current RABV Chinese strains to be 1412 (with a 95 % confidence interval of 1006-1736). The estimated mean substitution rate for the G gene sequences (3.961¾10"4 substitutions per site per year) was in accordance with previous reports for RABV.Rabies has become an important public health concern in countries in Asia and Africa. It is estimated that this disease is responsible for over 55 000 human deaths annually, of which approximately 56 % occur in Asia and 44 % in Africa (WHO, 2005). Rabies was first described in China in about 556 BC and has been continually reported for the following 2500 years (Wang & Huang 2001 et al., 2005). In this study, we used Bayesian MCMC methods to analyse sequences from the highly variable G gene of RABV to determine phylogenetic relationships. By using G gene data collected over several years from almost all regions that had experienced cases of rabies, we investigated the evolution of RABV variants and determined the population history of RABV circulating in China.A total of 55 complete G gene sequences (1572 nt) isolated from four hosts (dog, human, cattle and deer) from 14The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 25 RABV G gene sequences isolated in this study are FJ602447-FJ602459 and FJ418876-FJ418887. provinces, administrative municipalities and autonomous regions of China were analysed. The four hosts from which the viruses were isolated represent reservoirs and spillover hosts. Of these isolates, 25 were newly sequenced as part of this study (GenBank accession nos FJ602447-FJ602459) by using methods described previously (Meng et al., 2007); the remaining 30 isolates were obtained from GenBank. The year of isolation was available for all the isolates; full details are provided in Fig. 1 and Table 1.Estimates of the rate of molecular evolution, m (substitutions per site per year), and the time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the complete G gene alignment were obtained using a Bayesian MCMC method which was implemented in the BEAST program (available at http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Main_Page). The best-fit model of nucleotide substitution for Bayesian analysis was selected with the MODELTEST software using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) (Posada & Crandall, 1998). The general time reversible (GTR) substitution model, incorporating a proportion of invariable sites (I) and a gamma distribution of rate variation among sites (C4) was used for the BEAST analysis. We employed both strict and relaxed (uncorrelated exponential and lognormal) molecular clocks (Drummond et al., 2006) to explore the extent of variation in the rate of nucleotide substitution and ...

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“…For 93 brains recovered from dogs and cats that attacked humans, rabies virus was detected by RT-PCR in 63 specimens (67.74%). The maintenance of relatively high endemic rates of rabies in China appears to be due to unsuccessful control of rabies in dogs, the existence of healthy carrier dogs, and inadequate, improper, or complete absence of rabies PEP for individuals at risk for recent exposure to rabies (3,9,(12)(13)(14). Epidemiological investigation recently demonstrated that only 6.0% of rabies cases in China received a full course of PEP; 27.6% received inadequate PEP, and 66.3% did not receive any PEP (9).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Rabies In Asia and Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Zagreb Regimen, an Abbreviated Intramuscular Schedule for Rabies Vaccination

Ren

Yao

Sun

et al. 2014

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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The Zagreb regimen, an abbreviated intramuscular schedule for rabies vaccination, was developed by I. Vodopija and colleagues of the Zagreb Institute of Public Health in Croatia in the 1980s. It was recommended by WHO as one of the intramuscular (IM) schedules for rabies vaccination in 2010. We reviewed the literature on the immunogenicity, safety, economic burden, and compliance of the Zagreb 2-1-1 regimen. Compared to Essen, another IM schedule recommended by WHO, Zagreb has higher compliance, lower medical cost, and better immunogenicity at an early stage.

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Human Rabies in China

Cited by 69 publications

References 3 publications

Delay in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Factors Among People Bitten by Animals in the Northeast of Iran, 2015

Delay in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Associated Factors Among People Bitten by Animals in the Northeast of Iran, 2015

A history estimate and evolutionary analysis of rabies virus variants in China

Zagreb Regimen, an Abbreviated Intramuscular Schedule for Rabies Vaccination

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