Human papillomavirus genotype distribution and risk factors for infection in women from a small municipality in north east Brazil

Abstract

In order to assess the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the HPV genotypes and factors associated with infection, we conducted a population-based survey in a small municipality in north east Brazil among women aged between 12 and 49 years. A questionnaire regarding socioeconomic variables, reproductive life and sexual behaviour was used, and women were examined gynaecologically, followed by collection of vaginal lavage with saline solution for HPV DNA determination. HPV DNA was detected by the Digene(®) SHARP Signal(TM)-System, and further genotyped by INNO-LiPA Genotyping System(®). Of 579 women, HPV infection was present in 68 (prevalence: 11.7%; 95% CI: 9.3-14.7). The most common HPV types were 16, 31 and 74, each accounting for 14.7% of infections. Of all HPV-positive women, 35.3% showed multiple HPV genotypes. Variables independently associated with HPV infection were: ≥3 partners in life (adjusted OR [aOR]: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.68-5.60) and the use of oral contraception in the last 12 months (aOR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.33-4.30). Previous participation in a cervical cancer screening programme was protective (aOR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13-0.60). HPV infection is common among women from rural Brazil, and HPV genotypes identified indicate that immunization could be an important preventive measure in this population.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical lesions in Sergipe state, Northeastern Brazil: high frequency of a possibly carcinogenic type

“…Other studies in Brazil showed a prevalence of 42.4% for HPV 16 found in HSIL, 63.1% of cases of CIN3 and, in the rest of world, the prevalence of HPV 16 found in HSIL was around 45% [29, 36, 37]. In the agreement, other studies in Northeastern Brazil have also found HPV 16 to be the most prevalent HPV type in women with cervical lesions [14, 31–34]. In contrast to our data, another study carried out in the Northeast region of Brazil found the HPV 31 to be the most prevalent among women with normal and abnormal cytological outcomes [30].…”

“…In Northeastern Brazil, a number of papers have been published on HPV prevalence and type distribution among women with cytological and/or histological alterations [14,[30][31][32][33][34][35]. However, to the best of our knowledge, HPV prevalence among women with cervical lesions in the state of Sergipe, located in this region, has never been assessed.…”

“…In other regions of Brazil, HPV 58, 31, 33 and 56 were the second most prevalent HPV types among women with cervical abnormalities [5,37,[44][45][46][47]. In the Northeast region, HPV 58, 31, 74, 18 and 16 were the second most prevalent HPV types in abnormal cervical samples [14,[30][31][32][33][34][35]. Therefore, based on our observations, the state of Sergipe is the only state in Brazil that presented HPV 66 as the second most prevalent HPV type in women with cervical alterations.…”

Human papillomavirus genotypes 68 and 58 are the most prevalent genotypes in women from quilombo communities in the state of Maranhão, Brazil

“…In the midwest and northeast regions of the country, HPV 31 and HPV 33 are also reported with high frequencies. [6][7][8][9][10] In Brazil, many slaves who escaped or were released began to live in communities isolated from urban centers. These communities, which were called quilombos, still exist.…”

Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women treated by the Unified Health System in a population from Northeast Brazil

“…prevalence in studies conducted in Northeast Brazil, and other high risk HPV genotypes that are not in the vaccine were identified in these regions, indicating that some women's vaccines may not be able to protect against cervical cancer in particular populations [4,5].…”