Human papillomavirus clustering patterns among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adolescent females in South Africa

Abstract

The global burden of disease caused by both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) is the greatest in the developing world, with the highest rates in sub-Saharan Africa. South African women not only have high rates of infection with HPV, but also have high rates of multiple concurrent infections with two or more HPV genotypes, and are among the world’s most vulnerable to developing invasive cervical cancer. HIV co-infection increases these risks. Understanding clustering patterns of concurrent HPV infections in this population has important implications for HPV screening and will help define vaccination strategies in the future as vaccines continue to be developed to target more HPV genotypes. Latent class analysis was used to identify four distinct patterns of HPV co-infection: individuals with at least one low risk HPV genotype, but no high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections; individuals with a disperse pattern of HR-HPV infections; individuals infected with members of the alpha-7 group, but not HPV-18; and individuals infected with HPV-16, but not HPV-18. In this analysis, although alpha-7 HPV infections were more prevalent among HIV-infected adolescents than their HIV-uninfected counterparts, overall clustering patterns were not different based on HIV status.

Persistence of oncogenic and non-oncogenic human papillomavirus is associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Kenyan women

“…Most studies of HPV infection among sub-Saharan African women have been cross-sectional, indicating that HR- and LR-HPV infections are common and that HIV-infected women have a higher rate of HPV detection compared to HIV-uninfected women. 41 – 46 This study confirmed that all types of HPV are common and detected more often in HIV-infected Kenyan women than in HIV-uninfected women. Most importantly, persistence of all groups of HPV (any HPV, HR-HPV, IARC HR-HPV types, and LR-HPV types) was associated with HIV infection.…”

Transkingdom Analysis of the Female Reproductive Tract Reveals Bacteriophages Form Communities

“…De-identified vaginal swabs from the University of Cape Town HPV-HIV study [33] were retrospectively used for bacteriome and virome analysis. This cohort was comprised of 50 HIVpositive and 50 HIV-negative young, sexually active women between the ages of 16 and 21 recruited from the youth community center and clinic in two urban disadvantaged communities (Masiphumelele and Mthatha townships) in Cape Town, South Africa between October 2012 and October 2014.…”

“…Vaginal swabs were self-collected approximately every 6 months by subjects using Dacron swabs high within the vagina, placed in Digene transport media, and frozen at -80°C until use. Pap smears were taken at baseline and at least one other visit, and tests for HPV, Trichomonas, and BV performed [33]. HIV status was confirmed upon enrollment, and CD4+ T cell count for those who were HIV-positive was determined.…”

“…Total nucleic acid was extracted from 253 resuspended vaginal swab samples using the MagNA Pure Compact Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit (Roche) [33]. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed with primers specific to the V3-V4 region [34] followed by amplicon pooling, beadbased normalization and sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform at 312 bp paired-end reads (University of Rochester Genomics Research Center, UR GRC).…”

“…No reuse allowed without permission. Hight risk HPV include16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 68, 73 and 82. For continuous variables,…”