Human monkeypox – After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication

Simpson, Karl; Heymann, David L.; Brown, Colin S; Edmunds, W. John; Elsgaard, Jesper; Fine, Paul E. M.; Hochrein, Hubertus; Hoff, Nicole A.; Green, Andrew; Ihekweazu, Chikwe; Jones, Terry C.; Lule, Swaib A.; Maclennan, Jane; McCollum, Andrea M.; Mühlemann, Barbara; Nightingale, Emily; Ogoina, Dimie; Ogunleye, Adesola; Petersen, Brett W.; Powell, Jacqueline D; Quantick, Ollie; Rimoin, Anne W.; Ulaeato, David; Wapling, Andy

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.062

Cited by 254 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…On this basis, we postulate a relationship between decreased immunity to smallpox and resurgence of monkeypox in Nigeria. The potential role of declining population immunity in the resurgence of monkeypox has been raised in earlier studies (4,6,7,20). Epidemiologic evidence suggests previous smallpox vaccination (23,25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, residents have experienced increased exposure to and interactions with forest animals, driven by deforestation, armed confl icts, and population migration. Second, herd immunity from since-discontinued universal smallpox vaccination programs in the 1970s has declined over time (7). The 2 theories, not mutually exclusive, represent the loss of 2 different barriers to spillover (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020

Nguyen¹,

Ajisegiri²,

Costantino³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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, Nigeria has been experiencing the largest monkeypox outbreak in the country's history. As of November 2019, the country had reported 183 confi rmed cases across 18 states (1). This outbreak is also the largest recorded that has been caused by the West Africa clade of the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Beyond its scale, this outbreak is an illustrative case study for emerging zoonosis because of its epidemiologic characteristics. Preliminary genetic analysis suggests multiple zoonotic introductions from animal reservoirs into

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020

Nguyen¹,

Ajisegiri²,

Costantino³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Monkeypox has experienced an increased incidence in the last two decades since its first human case discovery in 1970 with high prevalence reported in Nigeria, DRC, Liberia, Cameroon, Gabon, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In recent years, the sudden incidence in countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, and Israel have been reportedly linked with the African origin of the disease [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease

Oladoye

2021

EUROPEAN J MED ED TE

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Over the years, the nations of the world have been plagued with several infectious diseases outbreak. With the continuous rise in the number of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as monkeypox, it is high time we drew lessons and insights from past outbreaks to guide and effectively prepare for possible future outbreaks. Monkeypox, popularly known as the most important orthopoxvirus infection, is a viral zoonotic disease prevalent in Central and West Africa. There are 2 known genetic clades of the monkeypox virus reported so far, the Western African and the Central African clades. The human monkeypox though originated from Africa has grown to be a global concern with cases reported in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, and Singapore. It is distinctively characterized by lymphadenopathy and systemic rash symptoms. Monkeypox has a low fatality rate (0-11%) with the highest rates occurring in children and young persons who were not part of the smallpox vaccinated population. Report suggests that consumption of bush meats could be a potential risk factor in the transmission of the infection or caring for an infected patient. Several factors have been responsible for the weak surveillance system of monkeypox including the current COVID-19 pandemic that has put more pressure on the fragile healthcare systems and infrastructures of most countries. This paper aims to guide global health policymakers on the impending danger of neglecting this disease. The discourse is concluded with the recommendation of strategies to effectively strengthen the disease surveillance system in combating this public health threat.

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“…The possibility of disseminating VACV in the urban environment and increasing BV cases should be better investigated to shed more light on the VACV emergence. It is estimated that, due to the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, a large proportion of the population living in urban environments have never been exposed to OPV [3,76,77]. Moreover, there are more and more immunosuppressed individuals in a society due to chronic and acquired conditions, whose exposure to VACV could evolve into a severe form of infection.…”

Section: Classic Transmission and Alternative Routes For Zoonotic Br-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going?

et al. 2021

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Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.

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Human monkeypox – After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication

Cited by 254 publications

References 36 publications

Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020

Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020

Monkeypox: A Neglected Viral Zoonotic Disease

Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going?

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