Human Milk Supplementation

Tracing Zinc’s Role in Preterm Infants’ Health: A Narrative Review

“…In a study by Bhatia et al. [ 96 ], fortification of preterm human milk (2–4 wk of lactation) with a liquid fortifier resulted in mean increases of 278% in milk Zn concentration, whereas fortification with a powder fortifier resulted in mean increases of 149%. However, losses due to delivery by continuous infusion were considerable, ranging from 8% for the liquid fortifier to 26% for the powder fortifier.…”

“…However, losses due to delivery by continuous infusion were considerable, ranging from 8% for the liquid fortifier to 26% for the powder fortifier. Unless efficient agitation is provided, the lengthy administration via syringe-pump feedings may contribute to the loss of nutrients by precipitation or adherence to the walls of the delivery system [ 96 ].…”

Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium needs for the low‐birth‐weighi infant

“…There are major technical considerations involved when recommending augmented enteral intakes of Ca and P for LBW infants. To compensate for reduced Ca and P bioavailability in enteral products, the aim has been to further augment the concentrations of Ca and P. Formulations using greatly augmented concentrations of Ca and P have been noted to precipitate and sediment within the bottle; uniform delivery of Ca and P, even as fortifiers for human milk, is not assured (38). Newer formulations in the United States, however, have obviated some of the solubility issues by using thickeners and stabilizers, such as carrageenan.…”

Trace Elements Content of Colostrum Milk in Brazil

“…Several deficiencies in term and pre-term newborns have been associated with deficiencies in iron, copper, and zinc (Bhatia and Rassin, 1988;Gurr, 1981;Haschke et al, 1995). These deficiencies may have adverse effects on the growth and the intellectual development of the newborn, can cause skin-related diseases, and increase the newborn mortality (Flynn, 1992;Olivares and Uauy, 1996;WHO/IAEA, 1989).…”