Human milk feeding in premature infants: Protein,fat, and carbohydrate balances in the first two weeks of life

Atkinson, Stephanie A.; Bryan, M. H.; Anderson, G. Harvey

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80275-2

Cited by 183 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is despite the reformulation of several human milk fortifiers since the latest enteral guidelines were released in 2010 (8) , suggesting that current nutrition regimens, including fortification practices, may still not be sufficiently optimised to meet the needs of extremely preterm infants. (33) Average 28·3 -Days 6-8, 13-15 N, lipid, lactose, E* Bauer & Gerss (6) 23-33 102 1-8 weeks Pro, lipid, carbohydrate, E Beijers et al (34) 25·7-36 45 1, 2 and 4 weeks N Beijers & Schaafsma (35) <36 65 Days 0-5, 6-14, 15-55 Lipid Chessex et al (36) Average 30·3 1 1 -N, lipid, carbohydrate, E* Corvaglia et al (13) 26-32 55 Day 10 N, lipid Ehrenkranz et al (37) 26-33 21 Days 2, 7, 14, 28, 42 Lipid Faerk et al (38) <32 (average 28) 101 1-10 weeks N, lipid, carbohydrate, E* Gross et al (20) 27-32 (43) 26-36 58 Days 1-28 N Maas et al (44) 25-29 79 1-11 weeks N, lipid, lactose, carbohydrate, E* Saarela et al (45) Average 31·4 36 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months N, lipid, lactose, E* Sann et al (46) 26-35 41 < 6, 7-14, >15 d Pro, lipid, lactose Silber et al (47) Average 29·6 5 Days 9-17 N, lipid, lactose, E Stevens (48) 34-36 weeks 7 Days 3-25 N E, energy; *, calculated; Pro, protein. (34) †, Ehrenkranz (37) , Faerk (38) , Gross (20) *, Guerrini (39) , Jitta (40) , Lemons (16) †, Lucas (43) *, Saarela (45) , Sann (46) , Stevens (48) Kjeldahl (16,34) Kjeldahl without NPN correction (18,20,33,45,48) Micro Kjeldahl (17) Semi-micro Kjeldahl (21) Semi-micro Kjeldahl without NPN correction …”

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1·71-2·60 Folch (37,46) Roese-Gottlieb (20,45) Colorimetry (16,18,33) De la Huerga (39) Van de Kamer (17) Creamatocrit (40) IR spectrophotometry (38) 2·80 1·60-3·90 Lactose: Chromatography (16,46) Boehringer lactose assay kit (18,33) Unidentified (40) Unidentified (45) Unidentified (20) Total carbohydrate: Beckman Glucose Analyzer (17) IR spectrophotometry (38) 6·01 6·73 5·04-7·12 6·20-7·10…”

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atwater specific factor system (20) Atwater general factor system (45) Heats of combustion factors (18,33,38,40) Bomb calorimetry (6,16,17) 267·8 205·0-309·6 64·0 49·0-74·0 (34) †, Corvaglia (13) , Ehrenkranz (37) , Gross (20) *, Guerrini (39) , Jitta (40) , Lemons (16) †, Lepage (42) †, Lucas (43) *, Maas (44) †, Sann (46) , Stevens (48) , Silber (47) † Kjeldahl (16,34,42) Kjeldahl with NPN not accounted for (13,18,20,33,44,47,48) Micro Kjeldahl (17) Semi-micro Kjeldahl (21) Semi-micro Kjeldahl without NPN (32,43) Biuret (46) Lowry-Peterson (6) IR spectrophotometry (13) Esbach/Bogg (40) 1·67…”

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review

et al. 2016

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There are wide variations in the macronutrient values adopted by neonatal intensive care units and industry to fortify milk in efforts to achieve recommended intakes for preterm infants. Contributing to this is the variation in macronutrient composition of preterm milk between and within mothers and the variable quality of milk analyses used to determine the macronutrient content of milk. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using articles published in English between 1959 and 2013 that reported the concentrations of one or more macronutrients or energy content in human preterm milk, sampled over a representative 24-h period. Searched medical databases included Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Results are presented as mean values and ranges for each macronutrient during weeks 1-8 of lactation, and preferred mean values (g/100 ml) for colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (weeks 2-8; protein: 1·27, fat: 3·46, lactose: 6·15 and carbohydrate: 7·34), using data from studies employing the highest-quality analyses. Industry-directed fortification practices using these mean values fail to meet protein targets for infants weighing <1000 g when the fortified milk is fed <170-190 ml/kg per d, and the protein:energy ratio of the fortified milk is inadequate. This study aimed to provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future formulation of breast milk fortifiers. Quality macronutrient analyses of adequately sampled preterm breast milk would improve our understanding of the level of fortification needed to meet recommended protein and energy intakes and growth targets, as well as support standardised reporting of nutritional outcomes.

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Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review

et al. 2016

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“…This fact might be explainable by an insufficient concentration of certain nutrients in human milk, primarily proteins, lipids and electrolytes. 3,6,7 Even in the face of this inadequacy human milk is still recommended for VLBW infants because of the benefits reaped in stimulating the organism s defense mechanisms and the unique profile of its fat content. 3 In order to remain available to have her milk collected at the time of administration to her baby a mother must overcome a number of difficulties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Análise do conteúdo energético do leite humano administrado a recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascimento

Vieira¹,

Moreira²,

Rocha³

et al. 2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To evaluate and compare the energy content in fresh and processed human milk administered to very low birth weight infants born in the Institute Fernandes Figueira.Methods: Samples of 0.5 ml of fresh and processed human milk were evaluated as for the fat percentile and energy content, which was calculated by mathematical formulas. Four hundred and sixty two human milk samples were analyzed, 401 of processed human milk and 61 of fresh human milk.Results: The median and the standard deviation of the fat percentile checked was 2.9±1.2% in the processed samples and 8.9±4.6% in the fresh samples (p < 0.001). The median and the standard deviation of the energy content calculated was 53.6±7.2 kcal/100 ml in processed samples and 85.9±27.9 kcal/100 ml in fresh samples (p < 0.001). Conclusion:The processed human milk samples had less energy content and less fat than fresh human milk samples suggesting that the complex processes of the human milk manipulation and administration can determine losses in energy content.

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“…3 Due to a higher concentration of proteins, fat, calories, electrolytes and minerals, in addition to the maintenance of specific bioactive function, protection against infections, cognitive and gastrointestinal function and development of mother-infant bond, maternal milk is considered the best option to feed very low birth weight preterm infants. [4][5][6] In spite of the several advantages of breastfeeding, some studies demonstrated that preterm newborns fed exclusively human milk had lower growth rates than the growth rates of intrauterine life. 7 Preterm newborns weighing less than 1,500 g at birth and fed exclusively non-fortified human milk had lower growth and lower serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in comparison with newborns fed fortified human milk until their weight reached 1,800 g. 8 Therefore, several authors recommend the use of fortified human milk with the purpose of meeting nutritional needs [9][10][11][12] and preventing bone demineralization in these children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efeitos do uso de aditivo no leite humano cru da própria mãe em recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso

Martins

Krebs

2009

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To compare the weight and height gain and the frequency of clinical complications in preterm newborns weighing less than 1,500 g, exclusively fed human milk or fortified human milk until reaching 1,800 g. Methods:Prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial involving 40 preterm infants weighing < 1,500 g at birth and ≤ 34 weeks of gestational age, admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit from August 2005 to April 2007.Preterm infants were randomized into two groups: control (human milk) and intervention (fortified human milk).Fortifiers were added to manually expressed human milk when feeding volume reached 100 mL/kg/day until newborns

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Human milk feeding in premature infants: Protein,fat, and carbohydrate balances in the first two weeks of life

Cited by 183 publications

References 22 publications

Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review

Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review

Análise do conteúdo energético do leite humano administrado a recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascimento

Efeitos do uso de aditivo no leite humano cru da própria mãe em recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso

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