Human milk: Difference in nitrogen concentration in milk from mothers of term and premature infants

Atkinson, Stephanie A.; Bryan, M. H.; Anderson, G. Harvey

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(78)80602-7

Cited by 188 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…(33) Average 28·3 -Days 6-8, 13-15 N, lipid, lactose, E* Bauer & Gerss (6) 23-33 102 1-8 weeks Pro, lipid, carbohydrate, E Beijers et al (34) 25·7-36 45 1, 2 and 4 weeks N Beijers & Schaafsma (35) <36 65 Days 0-5, 6-14, 15-55 Lipid Chessex et al (36) Average 30·3 1 1 -N, lipid, carbohydrate, E* Corvaglia et al (13) 26-32 55 Day 10 N, lipid Ehrenkranz et al (37) 26-33 21 Days 2, 7, 14, 28, 42 Lipid Faerk et al (38) <32 (average 28) 101 1-10 weeks N, lipid, carbohydrate, E* Gross et al (20) 27-32 (43) 26-36 58 Days 1-28 N Maas et al (44) 25-29 79 1-11 weeks N, lipid, lactose, carbohydrate, E* Saarela et al (45) Average 31·4 36 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months N, lipid, lactose, E* Sann et al (46) 26-35 41 < 6, 7-14, >15 d Pro, lipid, lactose Silber et al (47) Average 29·6 5 Days 9-17 N, lipid, lactose, E Stevens (48) 34-36 weeks 7 Days 3-25 N E, energy; *, calculated; Pro, protein. (34) †, Ehrenkranz (37) , Faerk (38) , Gross (20) *, Guerrini (39) , Jitta (40) , Lemons (16) †, Lucas (43) *, Saarela (45) , Sann (46) , Stevens (48) Kjeldahl (16,34) Kjeldahl without NPN correction (18,20,33,45,48) Micro Kjeldahl (17) Semi-micro Kjeldahl (21) Semi-micro Kjeldahl without NPN correction (32,43) Biuret (46) Lowry-Peterson (6) IR spectrophotometry …”

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atwater specific factor system (20) Atwater general factor system (45) Heats of combustion factors (18,33,38,40) Bomb calorimetry (6,16,17) 267·8 205·0-309·6 64·0 49·0-74·0 (34) †, Corvaglia (13) , Ehrenkranz (37) , Gross (20) *, Guerrini (39) , Jitta (40) , Lemons (16) †, Lepage (42) †, Lucas (43) *, Maas (44) †, Sann (46) , Stevens (48) , Silber (47) † Kjeldahl (16,34,42) Kjeldahl with NPN not accounted for (13,18,20,33,44,47,48) Micro Kjeldahl (17) Semi-micro Kjeldahl (21) Semi-micro Kjeldahl without NPN (32,43) Biuret (46) Lowry-Peterson (6) IR spectrophotometry (13) Esbach/Bogg (40) 1·67…”

Section: Biological Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atwater specific factor system (20) Heats of combustion factors (18,33,40,44) Bomb calorimetry (16,17,42,47) 295·8 258·6-325.5 70·7 61·8-77·8 (34) †, Ehrenkranz (37) , Gross (20) *, Jitta (40) , Lemons (16) †, Lucas (43) *, Maas (44) †, Saarela (45) , Stevens (48) Kjeldahl (16,34) Kjeldahl without NPN correction (18,20,44,45,48) Semi-micro Kjeldahl (21) Semi-micro Kjeldahl without NPN correction (32,43) Lowry-Peterson (6) Esbach/Bogg (40) 1·37 0·88-2·10 Folch (37) Roese-Gottlieb (20,44,45) Colorimetry (16,18) Creamatocrit (6,40) 3·84 3·24-4·80 Lactose: Chromatography (16) Boehringer lactose assay kit (18,44) Unidentified (40) Unidentified (45) Unidentified (20) Total carbohydrate: Carbohydrate by difference (44) Colorimetry (6) 6·07 7·42…”

Section: ·31-6·86 7·0-7·19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anderson (18) *, Atkinson (21) * †, Atkinson (32) * †, Bauer (6) *, Beijers (34) †, Ehrenkranz (37) , Gross (20) *, Jitta (40) , Lemons (16) †, Lucas (43) *, Maas (44) †, Saarela (45) , Stevens (48) Kjeldahl (16,34) Kjeldahl without NPN correction (18,20,44,45,48) Semi-micro Kjeldahl (21) Semi-micro Kjeldahl without NPN correction (32,43) Lowry-Peterson (6) Esbach/Bogg (40) 1·37…”

Section: ≥8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in bioavailable protein calculated using chemically derived NPN compared with using assumed values during week 1 to week 4 of lactation ranged from −0·06 to 0·21 g. Although it is technically superior to chemically derived NPN, the small differences between bioavailable proteins using the above methods are reassuring, and thus all derivations of Kjeldahl with NPN correction applied were considered to be superior. (16)(17)(18)20,21,(32)(33)(34)43,45,48) 2·59/2·63 (20,37,45,46) 6·55/6·55 (18) 5·66/5·61 (16,18,33,46) 238·95 57·11…”

Section: Justification For the Preferred Reference Values Of Preterm mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review

et al. 2016

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There are wide variations in the macronutrient values adopted by neonatal intensive care units and industry to fortify milk in efforts to achieve recommended intakes for preterm infants. Contributing to this is the variation in macronutrient composition of preterm milk between and within mothers and the variable quality of milk analyses used to determine the macronutrient content of milk. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using articles published in English between 1959 and 2013 that reported the concentrations of one or more macronutrients or energy content in human preterm milk, sampled over a representative 24-h period. Searched medical databases included Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Results are presented as mean values and ranges for each macronutrient during weeks 1-8 of lactation, and preferred mean values (g/100 ml) for colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (weeks 2-8; protein: 1·27, fat: 3·46, lactose: 6·15 and carbohydrate: 7·34), using data from studies employing the highest-quality analyses. Industry-directed fortification practices using these mean values fail to meet protein targets for infants weighing <1000 g when the fortified milk is fed <170-190 ml/kg per d, and the protein:energy ratio of the fortified milk is inadequate. This study aimed to provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future formulation of breast milk fortifiers. Quality macronutrient analyses of adequately sampled preterm breast milk would improve our understanding of the level of fortification needed to meet recommended protein and energy intakes and growth targets, as well as support standardised reporting of nutritional outcomes.

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