Human climates of Northern China

Freitas, C. R. de

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(79)90246-4

Cited by 48 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Moreover, the design of a particular thermal assessment scheme will depend on the intended use as well as on the nature of the thermal climatic conditions to which the scheme is to be applied. For example, schemes have been devised for groups of runners , survival in climates of extreme cold (de Freitas and Symon 1987) and for general purposes of human climate classification (Auliciems et al 1973;Auliciems and Kalma 1979;de Freitas 1979. The importance of this has been recognised in climate/ recreation research (Terjung 1968;Bauer 1976;Reifsnyder 1983), but so far there have been few convincing studies aimed at identifying optimal or preferred conditions for various outdoor recreational activities.…”

Section: Approaches To Tourism Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

2003

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This work grew from initiatives of the International Society of Biometeorology's Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation (ISBCCTR). The ISBCCTR was formed during the 15th Congress of the ISB held in November 1999 in Sydney, Australia. The aim of ISBCCTR is to promote research in tourism climatology. The first formal meeting of the Commission took place at the Meliton Resort, Halkidiki, Greece, 5-10 October 2001. The aims were to (1) bring together a selection of scientists and tourism experts to review the current state of knowledge of tourism climatology and (2) explore areas and priorities for future work and the role of the Commission in this. The Workshop highlighted the fact that, although climate is widely recognised as vitally important to tourism, relatively little is known about its effects. Even less is known about the economic impact or significance of climate on commercial prospects for tourism. Important research themes that warrant attention were identified. Among these was the need for a tourism climate index (or indices) that integrates all facets of climate, uses standard data and is objectively tested and verified. Work is also required on developing a better understanding of what climate-related information is required by both tourists and the tourism industry, exploring the distinction between the impact of climate on tourists and the impact on the tourism industry, setting a standard approach to tourism climate assessment, assessing the role of weather forecasts and long-term expectations of climate on choices made by tourists, the risks to tourism caused by extreme atmospheric events, what climate-related criteria people use to make decisions about tourism and recreational choices, how products giving information about weather and climate are currently used by the recreation and tourism industry and what are the existing and future requirements for this climate information.

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Section: Approaches To Tourism Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

2003

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“…Moreover, the design of a particular thermal assessment scheme will depend on the intended use as well as on the nature of the thermal climatic conditions to which it is to be applied. For example, schemes have been devised for groups of runners , survival in climates of extreme cold (de Freitas and Symon, 1987), and for general purposes of human climate classification (Auliciems et al, 1973;Auliciems and 0899-84 1 8/90/010089-15$07.50 (2 1990 by the Royal Meteorological Society Kalma, 1979;de Freitas, 1979de Freitas, , 1987. The importance of this has been recognized in climate-recreation research (Terjung, 1968;Bauer, 1976;Reifsnyder, 1983), but so far no convincing case has been presented to identify optimal or preferred conditions for various outdoor recreational activities, nor for that matter, to show the sensitivity of recreation to atmospheric conditions generally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreation climate assessment

Freitas

1990

Intl Journal of Climatology

123

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The study examines methods for assessing the atmospheric resource component of recreation environments. Beach use is selected as it is a highly weather sensitive recreational activity. The study area is King's Beach in Queensland, Australia. The nature of the relationship between beach climate and the enjoyment of recreational pursuits is taken to be a function of thermal, physical, and aesthetic components of the atmospheric environment. A body-atmosphere heat-budget model is used to integrate and isolate the thermal component of beach weather and enable identification of important nonthermal recreational resource attributes of the atmosphere. Beach-user sensory perception of on-site atmospheric conditions expressed verbally is used to assess the physical and aesthetic components of the atmospheric environment. The immediate thermal environment of the beach user is the main contributing factor to assessments of the desirability of on-site meteorological conditions, followed by the non-thermal effects of cloud and wind. Rainfall events of half-hour duration or longer have an overriding effect.

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“…Mean maximum wind speed was assumed to be double the mean wind speed; the error inherent in this assumption is small because of the exponential relationship between I a , insulation due to the boundary layer of air, and wind speed V (equation 7); above about 10 m s" 1 the boundary layer is so severely eroded that stronger winds barely increase convectional cooling (de Freitas 1979). Minimum solar radiation values were taken to be those occurring in overcast conditions when there is no direct radiation; during sunless and low-sun winter periods radiation values are zero.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AS is calculated from equation (1), using values for M, C, E and K derived as follows. M, the metabolic heat produced by muscular activity, is given the value 116 W m" 2 , the lowest expected rate for an average person standing outdoors in the cold (Auliciems, de Freitas and Hare 1973, Auliciems and de Freitas 1976, de Freitas 1979.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bioclimatic index of human survival times in the Antarctic

Freitas

Symon

1987

Polar Record

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An index of human 'survival time outdoors in extreme cold' (STOEC) has been developed, using body-atmosphere energy budget modelling procedures. The index, which is applicable in places like Antarctica where only limited climatological data are available, is based on the calculated rate of fall of core temperature from 37°C to 27°C of a standard inactive healthy subject in full polar clothing.Applied to data from 12 Antarctic stations it indicates relative severity of .their mean and extreme climatic conditions. The severest winter conditions become lifethreatening after only about 20 minutes. At most stations in winter, exposure outdoors for more than two hours would be dangerous. Conditions at all coastal stations in summer are mild enough to allow a normal core temperature to be maintained. The index has many applications, for example estimating likely survival times of immobilized accident victims and guidelines for duration of work periods outside.

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Human climates of Northern China

Cited by 48 publications

References 12 publications

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

Recreation climate assessment

A bioclimatic index of human survival times in the Antarctic

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