“…developmental efforts (Vrahas et al, 2004;Flanigan et al, 2010;Makris et al, 2015;Carluccio et al, 2020). The avascular and alymphatic nature of cartilage tissues confers relative immune privileges (i.e., isolation from antigen-presenting cells, migratory macrophages, and dendritic cells) and renders allogenic cell therapy approaches possible for tissue regeneration chaperoning (Quintin et al, 2010;Studer et al, 2017). Autologous cartilage cell therapy implementation remains hindered or delayed due to the induction of hypertrophic tissue phenotypes, fibrocartilage formation, high-cost cell expansions, in vitro de-differentiation, two-step surgery, donor-site morbidity, and high variability in functional outcomes (Brittberg et al, 1994;Horas et al, 2003;Lu et al, 2006;Katopodi et al, 2009;Vinardell et al, 2012).…”