Human behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs: An update and narrative review

Strzelecki, Ashley M.; Weafer, Jessica; Stoops, William W.

doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.07.001

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…This may imply the various typical and atypical neuroleptics-, amphetamine-, prokinetic domperidone-induced disturbances, acting centrally and/or peripherally, thus disturbances in general. Presenting the agents’ supposed major activity (central (neuroleptics) [ 55 , 56 , 57 ], peripheral (domperidone) [ 58 ], peripheral and central (amphetamine) [ 59 ]) this may be whatever the occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome occurred from centrally (i.e., neuroleptics), or from the periphery (i.e., domperidone) or simultaneously at the peripheral and central sides (i.e., amphetamine). Note, rats with the occluded superior mesenteric vein, occluded superior mesenteric artery, or both artery and vein, immediately presented intracranial (superior sagittal) hypertension in addition to portal and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the outcome of amphetamine had the same occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome. Thus, in addition to the quite distinctive medical application of these agents (i.e., psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, nausea, and vomiting) [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ], we claimed the common neuroleptic–amphetamine–domperidone occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome as a shared class-adverse effect of dopamine agents from distinctive classes. As a supporting fact, this huge overlapping occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome as a particular commonality overwhelms or combines seemingly opposite circumstances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereby, BPC 157 in its role in brain-gut and gut-brain axes functioning [ 1 ] may recover neuroleptic-domperidone-amphetamine-occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome by competing with all receptor blockade (neuroleptics, domperidone) [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. This should be along with the counteraction of the increased neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and histamine (amphetamine) [ 59 , 60 , 61 ] (note, BPC 157 therapy was at 5 min after agents’ application). Alternatively, it may be that BPC 157 may fully exert its beneficial effect and avoid the consequences through an innate cytoprotective activity and vascular recovery [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] while receptor blockade and increased neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and histamine [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] might remain unchanged but harmless.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This should be along with the counteraction of the increased neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and histamine (amphetamine) [ 59 , 60 , 61 ] (note, BPC 157 therapy was at 5 min after agents’ application). Alternatively, it may be that BPC 157 may fully exert its beneficial effect and avoid the consequences through an innate cytoprotective activity and vascular recovery [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] while receptor blockade and increased neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and histamine [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] might remain unchanged but harmless. Note, such essential cytoprotection background was suggested, as BPC 157 therapy was fully effective during the permanent occlusion of major vessel, peripheral [ 14 , 15 , 16 ] and central [ 18 ], or mechanically maintained grade III and grade IV of intra-abdominal hypertension and compressed vessels and organs [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innate Vascular Failure by Application of Neuroleptics, Amphetamine, and Domperidone Rapidly Induced Severe Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndromes in Rats and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy

et al. 2023

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Even before behavioral disturbances, neuroleptics, amphetamine, and domperidone application rapidly emerged severe occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome, shared innate vascular and multiorgan failure in rats, comparable to occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome described with vessel(s) occlusion or similar noxious procedures application. As therapy, i.e., activation of the collateral pathways, “bypassing key” (activated azygos vein pathway, direct blood flow delivery), the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 is a novel solution. Recently, BPC 157 therapy particularly counteracted neuroleptic- or L-NAME-induced catalepsy, lithium intoxication, and schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms (amphetamine/methamphetamine/apomorphine/ketamine). In rats with complete calvariectomy, medication (BPC 157 10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg ip or ig) was given 5 min after distinctive dopamine agents (mg/kg ip) (haloperidol (5), fluphenazine (5), clozapine (10), risperidone (5), olanzapine (10), quetiapine (10), or aripiprazole (10), domperidone (25), amphetamine (10), and combined amphetamine and haloperidol) and assessed at 15 min thereafter. All neuroleptic-, domperidone-, and amphetamine-induced comparable vascular and multiorgan failure severe syndrome was alleviated with BPC 157 therapy as before major vessel(s) occlusion or other similar noxious procedures. Specifically, all severe lesions in the brain (i.e., immediate swelling, hemorrhage), heart (i.e., congestion, arrhythmias), and lung (i.e., congestion, hemorrhage), as well as congestion in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal (stomach) tract, were resolved. Intracranial (superior sagittal sinus), portal, and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension were attenuated or eliminated. BPC 157 therapy almost annihilated arterial and venous thrombosis, peripherally and centrally. Thus, rapidly acting Virchow triad circumstances that occur as dopamine central/peripheral antagonists and agonist essential class-points, fully reversed by BPC 157 therapy, might be overwhelming for both neuroleptics and amphetamine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Innate Vascular Failure by Application of Neuroleptics, Amphetamine, and Domperidone Rapidly Induced Severe Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndromes in Rats and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy

et al. 2023

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“…For the interaction of BPC 157 and dopamine [ 5 , 9 ], common clarification and recovery of the dopamine agents’ adverse effects as novel common points might have been particularly interesting. Namely, they are in a class of psychotropic medications, primarily used either to manage psychosis and bipolar disorder (along with mood stabilizers) [ 116 , 117 ] or as central nervous stimulants in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity [ 118 , 119 ].…”

Section: Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function

et al. 2023

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Conceptually, a wide beneficial effect, both peripherally and centrally, might have been essential for the harmony of brain–gut and gut–brain axes’ function. Seen from the original viewpoint of the gut peptides’ significance and brain relation, the favorable stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 evidence in the brain–gut and gut–brain axes' function might have been presented as a particular interconnected network. These were the behavioral findings (interaction with main systems, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant effect, counteracted catalepsy, and positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms models). Muscle healing and function recovery appeared as the therapeutic effects of BPC 157 on the various muscle disabilities of a multitude of causes, both peripheral and central. Heart failure was counteracted (including arrhythmias and thrombosis), and smooth muscle function recovered. These existed as a multimodal muscle axis impact on muscle function and healing as a function of the brain–gut axis and gut–brain axis as whole. Finally, encephalopathies, acting simultaneously in both the periphery and central nervous system, BPC 157 counteracted stomach and liver lesions and various encephalopathies in NSAIDs and insulin rats. BPC 157 therapy by rapidly activated collateral pathways counteracted the vascular and multiorgan failure concomitant to major vessel occlusion and, similar to noxious procedures, reversed initiated multicausal noxious circuit of the occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome. Severe intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, portal and caval hypertensions, and aortal hypotension were attenuated/eliminated. Counteracted were the severe lesions in the brain, lungs, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In particular, progressing thrombosis, both peripherally and centrally, and heart arrhythmias and infarction that would consistently occur were fully counteracted and/or almost annihilated. To conclude, we suggest further BPC 157 therapy applications.

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New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. significance of counteraction of vascular and multiorgan failure of occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome in cytoprotection/organoprotection

Sikiric,

Sever,

Krezic

et al. 2024

Inflammopharmacol

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Human behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs: An update and narrative review

Cited by 8 publications

References 110 publications

Innate Vascular Failure by Application of Neuroleptics, Amphetamine, and Domperidone Rapidly Induced Severe Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndromes in Rats and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy

Innate Vascular Failure by Application of Neuroleptics, Amphetamine, and Domperidone Rapidly Induced Severe Occlusion/Occlusion-like Syndromes in Rats and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function

New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. significance of counteraction of vascular and multiorgan failure of occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome in cytoprotection/organoprotection

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