Human and Bovine Milk Gangliosides Differ in Their Fatty Acid Composition

Bode, Lars; Beermann, Christopher; Mank, Marko; Kohn, Gerhard; Boehm, Günther

doi:10.1093/jn/134.11.3016

Cited by 59 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A cocktail of heterogeneous compounds, HMO vary drastically in size, charge, and conformation (5,6,23,24). After observing the in vitro correlation between HMO and Staphylococcus in milk, we chose to perform our experiments with HMO purified from pooled donor milk collected from several individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Milk Oligosaccharides Promote the Growth of Staphylococci

Hunt

Preuss

Nissan

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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f Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), which constitute a major component of human milk, promote the growth of particular bacterial species in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that HMO also interact with the bacterial communities present in human milk. To test this hypothesis, two experiments were conducted. First, milk samples were collected from healthy women (n ‫؍‬ 16); culture-independent analysis of the bacterial communities was performed, HMO content was analyzed, and the relation between these factors was investigated. A positive correlation was observed between the relative abundance of Staphylococcus and total HMO content (r ‫؍‬ 0.66). In a follow-up study, we conducted a series of in vitro growth curve experiments utilizing Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis and HMO isolated from human milk. HMO exhibited stimulatory effects on bacterial growth under various nutritional conditions. Analysis of culture supernatants from these experiments revealed that HMO did not measurably disappear from the culture medium, indicating that the growth-enhancing effects were not a result of bacterial metabolism of the HMO. Instead, stimulation of growth caused greater utilization of amino acids in minimal medium. Collectively, the data provide evidence that HMO may promote the growth of Staphylococcus species in the lactating mammary gland. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex glycans highly abundant (ϳ5 to 15 g/liter) in human milk (5,6,24). Representing a diverse collection of structures, almost 150 distinct forms of HMO have been identified (42,43). Based upon their structures, HMO can be classified as simple (sialylated or fucosylated lactose compounds made of three sugar units) or complex (composed of differentially sialylated or fucosylated repeats of lacto-N-biose or N-acetyllactosamine linked to a lactose motif). Interestingly, HMO patterns are highly unique to individual women, and their concentrations vary over the course of lactation, with levels peaking in colostrum and lower concentrations in mature milk (8,12,15,39).From an evolutionary standpoint, it is logical that because the mammary gland exerts a substantial amount of energy to produce these compounds, HMO likely promote the fitness of the offspring even though the infant is largely unable to metabolize them (1, 14, 16). Research from several groups suggests the possibility that HMO are capable of interacting with an infant's gastrointestinal microbiota to promote his or her health (10,27,30,35,38). Indeed, some of the first studies in this area noted the capacity of HMO to promote growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum, a species overrepresented in the gastrointestinal tract of the breast-fed, but not formula-fed, infant (17,29,40). Over 50 years later, research has confirmed that the genetic capacity to metabolize these compounds is conserved among bifidobacteria species common in the infant's gastrointestinal tract (38). These findings suggest that HMO may serve a prebiotic function in selectively promoting the...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…uman milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex glycans highly abundant (ϳ5 to 15 g/liter) in human milk (5,6,24). Representing a diverse collection of structures, almost 150 distinct forms of HMO have been identified (42,43).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Promote the Growth of Staphylococci

Hunt

Preuss

Nissan

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…With regard to the direct physical interaction of prebiotics as reviewed by Jeurink et al (89), it has been shown, for HMOSs, that these can directly modulate the function of immune cells (90,91). For scGOSs+lcFOSs, it is well recognized that these have the ability to beneficially shape host microbe interactions.…”

Section: Modulation Of Gastrointestinal Physiology By Colonic Fermentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal microbiology in early life: specific prebiotics can have similar functionalities as human-milk oligosaccharides

Oozeer¹,

Limpt²,

Ludwig³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

151

131

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Human milk is generally accepted as the best nutrition for newborns and has been shown to support the optimal growth and development of infants. On the basis of scientific insights from human-milk research, a specific mixture of nondigestible oligosaccharides has been developed, with the aim to improve the intestinal microbiota in early life. The mixture has been extensively studied and has been shown to be safe and to have potential health benefits that are similar to those of human milk. The specific mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides has been found to affect the development of early microbiota and to increase the Bifidobacterium amounts as observed in human-milk-fed infants. The resulting gut ecophysiology is characterized by high concentrations of lactate, a slightly acidic pH, and specific short-chain fatty acid profiles, which are high in acetate and low in butyrate and propionate. Here, we have summarized the main findings of dietary interventions with these specific oligosaccharides on the gut microbiota in early life. The gut ecophysiology in early life may have consequences for the metabolic, immunologic, and even neurologic development of the child because reports increasingly substantiate the important function of gut microbes in human health. This review highlights major findings in the field of early gut colonization and the potential impact of early nutrition in healthy growth and development.Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98(suppl):561S-71S.

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“…The fact that lyso-and PUFA-containing gangliosides showed strong cell toxicity may partly explain why cells do not synthesize these aberrant gangliosides as a major constituent. The physiological relevance of lyso-GSLs has been studied by many researchers (28)(29)(30), whereas that of PUFA-containing gangliosides has not yet been clarified, although the latter gangliosides have actually been detected as a minor constituent of various tissues (31)(32)(33). We report here that exogenously added C18:3-GM1a was abundant in the lipid microdomains, whereas lyso-GM1a disrupted them, both leading to apoptosis but in a different manner.…”

mentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Unexpectedly, we found in the literature that PUFAs are widely distributed in the gangliosides as a minor constituent [e.g., mouse fibroblast l cells contain 1.3% and 7.2% of PUFAs in the fatty acid portion of monosialoganglioside and disialoganglioside, respectively (32); bovine serum contains 1.7% and 1.1% of C18:3 fatty acids in monosialoganglioside and disialoganglioside, respectively (32); human milk contains 0.39% and 0.17% of ␣ -linolenic acid in GM3 and GD3, respectively (33); and GD3 of bovine kidney contains ‫ف‬ 2% of C18:3 fatty acid (31)]. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the physiological significance of PUFA-containing gangliosides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C18:3-GM1a induces apoptosis in Neuro2a cells: enzymatic remodeling of fatty acyl chains of glycosphingolipids

Nakagawa

Morotomi

Tani

et al. 2005

Journal of Lipid Research

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GM1a [Gal ␤ 1-3GalNAc ␤ 1-4(NeuAc ␣ 2-3)Gal ␤ 1-4Glc ␤ 1-1Cer] is known to support and protect neuronal functions. However, we report that ␣ -linolenic acid-containing GM1a (C18:3-GM1a), which was prepared using the reverse hydrolysis reaction of sphingolipid ceramide N -deacylase, induced apoptosis in neuronal cells. Intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and caspase activation, all typical features of apoptosis, were observed when mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells were cultured with C18:3-GM1a but not GM1a containing stearic acid (C18:0) or oleic acid (C18:1). The phenotype of Neuro2a cells induced by C18:3-GM1a was similar to that evoked by lyso-GM1a. However, lyso-GM1a caused a complete disruption of lipid microdomains of Neuro2a cells and hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, whereas C18:3-GM1a did neither. C18:3-GM1a, but not lyso-GM1a, was found to be abundant in lipid microdomains after the removal of loosely bound GM1a by BSA. The activation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase in Neuro2a cells was observed with lyso-GM1a but not C18:3-GM1a. These results indicate that the mechanism of apoptosis induced by C18:3-GM1a is distinct from that caused by lyso-GM1a. This study also clearly shows that fatty acid composition of gangliosides significantly affected their pharmacological activities when added to the cell cultures and suggests why naturally occurring gangliosides do not possess polyunsaturated fatty acids as a major constituent. -Nakagawa, T., A. Morotomi, M. Tani

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Human and Bovine Milk Gangliosides Differ in Their Fatty Acid Composition

Cited by 59 publications

References 29 publications

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Promote the Growth of Staphylococci

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Promote the Growth of Staphylococci

Intestinal microbiology in early life: specific prebiotics can have similar functionalities as human-milk oligosaccharides

C18:3-GM1a induces apoptosis in Neuro2a cells: enzymatic remodeling of fatty acyl chains of glycosphingolipids

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