How types of prior knowledge and task properties impact the category-based induction: diverging evidence from the P2, N400, and LPC effects

The default‐interventionist model underlies premise typicality weakening the premise diversity effect during category‐based induction: Event‐related potentials evidence

“…Previous studies suggested that FN400 and classic N400 (a negative deflection with central-partial distribution at about 200 to 600 ms after stimulus presentation) were identical, reflecting semantic processing effort (Federmeier, 2022;Kutas & Federmeier, 2011;Voss & Federmeier, 2011). For example, Liang et al (2020) found that greater taxonomical distance between premise and conclusion elicited larger FN400 amplitudes during CBI. They treated FN400 as classical N400, suggesting that FN400 reflects a features generalization process.…”

“…For example, Liang et al . (2020) reported that the dissociation of taxonomic and thematic relations was associated with P2 during CBI. These authors based their work on that of Luck and Hillyard (1994), suggesting that frontal P2 elicited during CBI is typically connected with advanced perceptual analysis and attention‐related processes, with larger amplitudes when target features were detected and analyzed.…”

“…It provides high temporal resolution and monitors cognitive processes in real time (Luck, 2014). Earlier research used ERP responses to reveal the cognitive processes underlying CBI (Cui, Liu & Long, 2018; Lei, Wang, Zhu, Chen & Li, 2019; Liang, Xiao, Zhu, Lei & Chen, 2020; Liang, Zhong, Lu & Liu, 2010; Long, Zhang, Cui & Chen, 2018; Sun, Xiao & Long, 2019; Yang & Long, 2020). However, ERP studies have been overlooked in investigations concerning how and under what conditions premise typicality affects the diversity effect during CBI.…”

“…We focused on three ERP components for responses: P2, FN400, and frontal post-N400-positivity (f-PNP). P2 is the frontal positive deflection of the peak at about 200 ms. P2 is sensitive to the dissociation of taxonomic and thematic relations (Liang et al, 2020) and typical effect (Liang et al, 2016;Long et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2016). Liang et al (2020) suggested that larger P2 amplitudes elicited during CBI related to greater perceptual analysis and attention allocation.…”

How does negative evidence impact argument strength during semantic category-based induction? An event-related potential study

“…Based on a previous study, N400 components were related to the difficulty of semantic integration in semantic category-based inductive reasoning [12,19]. Specifically, semantic violation elicited a larger N400 amplitude [20,21]. In this experiment, both premise 1 and the conclusion were positive evidence, but the premise 2 was negative evidence in the negative argument, generating semantic violation during the evaluation made the conclusion plausible, so the negative argument elicited a greater N400 amplitude than the positive argument in this experiment.…”