How to measure energy and protein intake in a geriatric department – A comparison of three visual methods

Validation of an electronic food intake tool and its usability and efficacy in the healthcare setting

“…Numerous studies in a practical setting have reported low levels of accuracy when comparing various food intake charts to WFR. 1,14,15,20 In the present study, FRC reported an average of 28% less daily energy and 20% less daily protein intake than MI, which is clinically significant when assessing individual intake. This underestimation of daily intake as a result of poor FRC data recording could lead to overprescribing of nutrients in the form of food, nutritional supplements or other nutrition support, and the potential for higher levels of food waste as a result of additional foods being served to individuals to compensate.…”

“…This corroborated the most significant commonly reported limitations of FRC, namely that they are not completed at all, or not completed sufficiently accurately to enable valid dietary intake data analysis. 14,20 Palmer et al 1 identified 93% of incomplete records using FRC in the usual care setting. As reflected in the literature, most reported issues in the present study were the inaccuracy or incompleteness of charts, with items or meals being missed, portion eaten not documented, discrepancies in items documented and items not even served being documented.…”

“…18,19 When a percentage intake of the whole tray is recorded, this visual estimation method can overor under-estimate intake, resulting in a significant degree of subjectivity. [20][21][22] In addition, without the nutrient analysis of that specific meal (set of individual selections), the manual 5PVS is not able to provide individual nutrient analysis data.…”

“…This method is used as a reference in validation studies, but is labour intensive and therefore not viable to deploy in a day-to-day healthcare environment. 20,23 To obtain nutrient intake data, all three methods require manual calculations (as described for FRC) and this takes time and is usually only estimations, meaning that data are not available in real-time to clinicians or highly accurate. They also do not provide a detailed breakdown of micronutrients.…”

Needs assessment for patients food intake monitoring among Indonesian healthcare professionals

“…meat/fish, vegetables, potatoes and sauce) presents the most accurate visual assessment compared to plate method and reduced plate method (whole meal; Husted et al. ). Therefore, it is imperative to develop a simple dietary assessment tool based on food items, rather than whole tray approach.…”