How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies

Balcombe, Paul; Brierley, James D.; Lewis, Chester; Skatvedt, Line; Speirs, Jamie; Giarola, Sara; Staffell, Iain

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.080

Cited by 467 publications

(321 citation statements)

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“…A general overview of the measures with high CO 2 reduction potential can be found in Reference [13], while a specific focus on emission reduction in the port area is in Reference [14]. A holistic assessment of the combined potential of fuels, technologies and policies to reduce GHG emissions from international shipping can be found in Reference [15]. Several quite recent special issues dealing with specific aspects of sustainability in the shipping and port industry are also available [16][17][18][19], further confirming the strong interest in the topic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the IMO’s GHG Goals: A Critical Overview of the Perspectives and Challenges of the Main Options for Decarbonizing International Shipping

2020

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The Initial Strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2018 commits the IMO to reduce total GHG emissions of shipping by at least 50% by 2050. Though the direction of the Strategy is clear, the path to implementation remains uncertain. The ambitious IMO’s target calls for widespread uptake of lower and zero-carbon fuels, in addition to other energy efficiency measures, including operational and market ones. Using a triangulated research approach, this paper provides a critical overview of the main measures and initiatives the shipping industry can adopt to try to cope with the new IMO’s requirements. The pros and cons of the most popular emission reduction options are investigated along with the main challenges and barriers to implementation and the potential facilitators that could foster a wider application. The framework that is outlined is complex and not without controversy. Research can play a key role as a facilitator of shipping’s decarbonization by providing its contribution to overcoming the existing controversies on various decarbonization options and by developing a wealth of knowledge that can encourage the implementation of low-carbon initiatives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the IMO’s GHG Goals: A Critical Overview of the Perspectives and Challenges of the Main Options for Decarbonizing International Shipping

2020

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“…Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities support technological innovations such as the "design efficiency" of newly built vessels to improve the energy efficiency. Ultimately, there is no silver bullet solution to decarbonization [37]. The route to decarbonizing shipping requires a combination of various mitigation policies, which is a long-term process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] proposed a policy analysis, which revisited the progress of technical, operational, and market-based routes and their associated controversies. Balcombe et al [37] reviewed the potential of multiple pathways for shipping decarbonization, including energy efficiency technologies, alternative fuels, and policies. They suggested that a combination of pathways is required.…”

Section: A Brief Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As can be seen from Equation (1), the quantity of CO 2 emissions is mainly dependent on improvement of the energy efficiency for the vessels and the adoption of alternative fuels. That is to say, the emissions from shipping are determined by the vessel efficiency and fuel type: Inefficient vessels consume more fuel and fuels varying in emissions are produced [37]. Moreover, the quantity of CO 2 emissions is also determined by the average distance of different types of ships.…”

Section: Bottom-up Co 2 Emissions Estimation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncovering CO2 Emissions Patterns from China-Oriented International Maritime Transport: Decomposition and Decoupling Analysis

Yang

2019

Sustainability

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Given that most commodity transportation depends on the maritime industry, the growing economy and increasing international trade volume are expected to accelerate the development of shipping activities and thus increase associated CO2 emissions. In order to identify the driving factors of CO2 emissions from China’s international shipping and find efficient mitigation strategies, this paper first estimates the CO2 emissions and presents the CO2 emissions features from 2000 to 2017. Second, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method is applied to decompose the changes in CO2 emissions. Finally, the decoupling index is introduced to quantitatively examine the decoupling relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions. The factors affecting the decoupling relationship are analyzed according to the LMDI results. The results indicate that CO2 emissions in maritime transport activities have experienced rapid growth during the study period. Economic growth appears to be the principal factor driving the CO2 emissions growth, whereas the overall effects of energy intensity and the commodity structure play a significant role in inhibiting CO2 emissions. The decoupling state over the study period has experienced four decoupling stages, with a distinct tendency towards weak decoupling. Economic activity has proven to be the most significant indicator influencing the decoupling relationship during the study period.

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“…Global climate changes that include global warming and other harmful effects of human activity led to the introduction of strict environmental requirements for automobiles. This measure, accompanied by a rise in oil prices, contributed to the beginning of the search for alternative modes of transport, including the use of innovative technologies and smart grids (Balcombe et al 2019).…”

Section: Electric Vehicles and Ioementioning

confidence: 99%

Smart grids as the leading concept in the Internet of Energy (IoE)

Tusova¹,

Romanova²,

Strielkowski³

2019

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social, Business, and Academic Leadership (ICSBAL 2019)

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This paper focuses on the implications of the smart grids that are based on the bidirectional exchange of information and energy flow in the electricity networks. By optimising, saving energy, and delivering power precisely where it is needed, smart grids represent the leading concept constituting the Internet of Energy (IoE). The power networks of the future are likely to be automated and based on algorithms run by the artificial intelligence (AI). We tackle some of the implications of smart grids in the IoE with a special focus on electric transport. Electric vehicles might represent one of the biggest challenges for the smart grids of the future. Our results show that selfoptimising consumers might combine the generation of energy with its trading via peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and using it for charging the electric vehicles for achieving a better balance and energy market equilibrium. Models are demonstrated and some useful results are derived and explained in detail. Our results might be of some special interest for policymakers and stakeholders dealing with autonomic power systems and energy efficiency and security. Electricity is supplied via the electricity grids. An intelligent (or "smart") power grid uses bidirectional power and information flows to create an automated power grid. The term "smart grid" is typically used to describe an electricity system that supports four basic operations that include electricity generation, electricity transmission, electricity distribution, and electricity control (see Strielkowski 2017). Smart grid technologies include integrated communication, acquisition and measurement technologies, advanced components, advanced control methods, and improved interfaces and decision support (Kabalci 2016). With the cost and benefit analysis in smart grid, we have found that smart grid can really make people live a better, healthier, and higher-quality life. In contrast, today's power system raises big questions about its ability to continue providing citizens and businesses with relatively clean, reliable and affordable energy services. The technological limitations in the measurement no longer lead to the averaged peak prices being passed on equally to all consumers. The rapidly declining costs indicate a major shift from the central network topology to a highly distributed one, where power is generated and consumed directly at the grid boundaries (Lakhov et al. 2018). An intelligent energy management system keeps the grid stable by balancing the power generated from all sources with the power consumed. An IoE enables consumers and prosumers to independently coordinate supply and demand and is equipped with intelligent forecasting systems that use weather forecasts, expected traffic flows and other information to predict future energy needs (Evglevskaya et al. 2018). Some examples of these advanced apps include measurement data management, network analysis, substation management, distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS), and the low voltage outage management system.

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How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies

Abstract: (a, b,*) , James Brierley (c) , Chester Lewis (d) , Line Skatvedt (c) , Jamie Speirs (a, e) , Adam Hawkes (a, b) , Iain Staffell (c)

Cited by 467 publications

References 81 publications

Towards the IMO’s GHG Goals: A Critical Overview of the Perspectives and Challenges of the Main Options for Decarbonizing International Shipping

Towards the IMO’s GHG Goals: A Critical Overview of the Perspectives and Challenges of the Main Options for Decarbonizing International Shipping

Uncovering CO2 Emissions Patterns from China-Oriented International Maritime Transport: Decomposition and Decoupling Analysis

Smart grids as the leading concept in the Internet of Energy (IoE)

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