How rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptors come together to enlighten the mammalian circadian clock

Lucas, Robert J.; Lall, Gurprit S.; Allen, Annette E.; Brown, T. M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00001-0

Cited by 164 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Light is the primary environmental cue that entrains the main circadian clock in the SCN, thus allowing internal rhythms to be adjusted exactly to a 24 hour period on a day-to-day basis. In mammals, retinal ganglion cells perceive the ambient light and transduce this photic signal to the SCN through the retinohypothalamic tract (Lucas et al, 2012;Moore and Lenn, 1972). Through the retinohypothalamic tract the circadian rhythm generated within SCN neurons is entrained to an overt 24-hour rhythm and these coordinated outputs are conveyed to the rest of the body via behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic pathways (Kalsbeek et al, 2006;Mohawk et al, 2012).…”

Section: A Multi-oscillatory Circadian Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Jha

Challet

Kalsbeek

2015

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

185

129

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a b s t r a c tMost aspects of energy metabolism display clear variations during day and night. This daily rhythmicity of metabolic functions, including hormone release, is governed by a circadian system that consists of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and many secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. The SCN control peripheral timing via the autonomic and neuroendocrine system, as well as via behavioral outputs. The sleepewake cycle, the feeding/fasting rhythm and most hormonal rhythms, including that of leptin, ghrelin and glucocorticoids, usually show an opposite phase (relative to the lightedark cycle) in diurnal and nocturnal species. By contrast, the SCN clock is most active at the same astronomical times in these two categories of mammals. Moreover, in both species, pineal melatonin is secreted only at night. In this review we describe the current knowledge on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by central and peripheral clock mechanisms. Most experimental knowledge comes from studies in nocturnal laboratory rodents. Nevertheless, we will also mention some relevant findings in diurnal mammals, including humans. It will become clear that as a consequence of the tight connections between the circadian clock system and energy metabolism, circadian clock impairments (e.g., mutations or knock-out of clock genes) and circadian clock misalignments (such as during shift work and chronic jet-lag) have an adverse effect on energy metabolism, that may trigger or enhancing obese and diabetic symptoms.

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Section: A Multi-oscillatory Circadian Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Jha

Challet

Kalsbeek

2015

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

185

129

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“…[26][27][28] It is now clear that ipRGCs combine their direct intrinsic responses with signals derived from rods and cones to regulate diverse non-image-forming responses, 29 with each photoreceptor encoding distinct parameters of the light. [30][31][32][33][34] However, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of how light regulates the retinal clock in mammals and of the role of the different photoreceptors.…”

Section: Entrainment Of the Retinal Clock By Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

The retinal clock in mammals: role in health and disease

Felder-Schmittbuhl¹,

Calligaro²,

Dkhissi-Benyahya³

2017

CPT

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Abstract:The mammalian retina contains an extraordinary diversity of cell types that are highly organized into precise circuits to perceive and process visual information in a dynamic manner and transmit it to the brain. Above this builds up another level of complex dynamic, orchestrated by a circadian clock located within the retina, which allows retinal physiology, and hence visual function, to adapt to daily changes in light intensity. The mammalian retina is a remarkable model of circadian clock because it harbors photoreception, self-sustained oscillator function, and physiological outputs within the same tissue. However, the location of the retinal clock in mammals has been a matter of long debate. Current data have shown that clock properties are widely distributed among retinal cells and that the retina is composed of a network of circadian clocks located within distinct cellular layers. Nevertheless, the identity of the major pacemaker, if any, still warrants identification. In addition, the retina coordinates rhythmic behavior by providing visual input to the master hypothalamic circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). This light entrainment of the SCN to the light/dark cycle involves a network of retinal photoreceptor cells: rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Although it was considered that these photoreceptors synchronized both retinal and SCN clocks, new data challenge this view, suggesting that none of these photoreceptors is involved in photic entrainment of the retinal clock. Because circadian organization is a ubiquitous feature of the retina and controls fundamental processes, the coherence from cell to tissue is critical for circadian functions, and disruption of retinal clock organization or its response to light can potentially have a major impact on retinal pathophysiology and vision.

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“…For this reason, if for any reason the light-dark cycle is disturbed by changing the amount of light which gets into the eyes, it will eventually led to changes in the activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus and changes in the secretion of melatonin. Besides that, these changes will lead to changes in circadian rhythm activities of neuron systems and glands and this in return will cause stress in people (Lucas et al, 2012). This stress is considered as a chronic stress in people who have to travel long distances with ultra sound airplanes or the people who have to do shift work and it may led to different changes in the brain activity (Mate et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Effect of Time Change in Cognitive Function in Volunteers in Tehran

Sahraei¹,

Bahari²,

Meftahi³

et al. 2016

GJHS

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Background: Time change (which can lead to sleep duration decrements) can lead to brain dysfunction if repeated. In the present study, cognitive functions of the volunteers were evaluated before and after the time changes in Tehran.Methods: Eleven, voluntary healthy persons (21±2 year old) were evaluated for their cognitive functions including sustain attention, reaction time, and mental fatigue twenty-one days before the time changes and thirty-eight days after time change using PASAT software. In addition, plasma cortisol level was measured before and after the time changes.Results: After the time changes salivary cortisol concentration increase, but general mental health was decreased. Sustain attention was shortened after time change which was significantly different compared with before the time changes. Reaction time was increased after the time changes in comparison with the before the time changes, but was not statistically significant. In addition, mental fatigue was increased after the time changes. Conclusion:It seems that time change may reduce brain cognitive functions which are manifested by general mental health, sustain attention reduction, reaction time as well as mental fatigue.

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How rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptors come together to enlighten the mammalian circadian clock

Cited by 164 publications

References 74 publications

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals

The retinal clock in mammals: role in health and disease

Evaluation of the Effect of Time Change in Cognitive Function in Volunteers in Tehran

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