How Much Education Is Needed to Delay Women's Age at Marriage and First Pregnancy?

Abstract

Background It is common for older people to become grandparents in later life. However, the impacts of grandparenting on their health and well-being remain under-investigated, especially in Chinese society where family is in the core of culture. The current study explored the relationship between grandparenthood and Chinese older people's health and psychological well-being in Hong Kong. Methods Data was collected from a sample of 1,208 Hong Kong Chinese older people aged 55 and above through a telephone survey conducted in 2019. Participants were grouped into three categories: current grandparents (n = 507), grandparents-to-be (n = 275), and grandparents-not-to-be (n = 426).. Multivariate linear regressions were performed to examine the relationship between grandparenting status and health and well-being outcomes, including self-rated physical health, mental health, resilience, and happiness, while controlling for age, gender, education, marital status, nancial status, and physical activity level. Results Bivariate analyses suggested statistically signi cant differences between health and well-being across the three groups of participants. Regression models showed that, when compared with grandparents-not-to-be, being a current grandparent was associated with a signi cantly higher level of happiness, while being a future grandparent was associated with signi cantly higher levels of happiness, resilience, and self-rated physical health. Conclusions The current study offers preliminary insights into the signi cant relationship between grandparenthood and older adults' health and well-being. It calls for future studies to further explore the mechanisms behind the bene ts of grandparenthood. Grandparenting is a potentially good starting point to build older adults' capacity to promote healthy ageing.

Independent associations of women's age at marriage and first pregnancy with their height in rural lowland Nepal

“…Women's education and the timing of their marriage are likely to be closely related (A. A. Marphatia et al, 2020; Raj, McDougal, Silverman, & Rusch, 2014) and this relationship may be bidirectional, although data on the timing of these decisions and events are usually not collected (Sekine & Hodgkin, 2017; Wodon et al, 2017). Moreover, there was no confounding of women's education in the analysis of uneducated women, and the similar magnitude of the effect between the age variables and height of this group and the whole sample suggests the association of education with height is independent.…”

Early marriage and early childbearing in South Asia: trends, inequalities, and drivers from 2005 to 2018

“…This finding is consistent with a recent study from Nepal showing that women need to complete grade 9, and ideally grade 11, to substantially increase their odds of marrying after 18 years. 35 Two other studies using DHS data from multiple countries in South Asia found that secondary education but not primary education was strongly protective against marrying early. 17,22 However, our finding that 15-40% (depending on the country) of women who complete 10 or more years of education continue to marry early suggests that actions to address EM must go beyond promoting secondary school completion for girls.…”

To Be or Not To Be: Relationship Between Grandparent Status and Health and Wellbeing

“…In Hong Kong, the traditional ideal image of 'two-child family' has been waning (Chen & Yip, 2017). Women's increasing levels of education are associated with delayed marriage and childbirth (Choi, 2018;Marphatia et al, 2020). High costs of child rearing also prevent some young people from having children (Basten & Jiang, 2015;Min & Taylor, 2018).…”