“…The vast majority of previous cueing studies used just one kind of cue to compare with no cues. However, many of them did not find that adding a single kind of cue (i.e., either visual or auditory) improved learning outcomes (e.g., Arslan-Ari, 2013; Crooks, Cheon, Inan, Ari, & Flores, 2012; de Koning, Tabbers, Rikers, & Paas, 2010, 2011; Lowe & Boucheix, 2011; Song & Bruning, 2016; Wang, Duan, Zhou, & Chen, 2015). The lack of strong, consistent signaling based on single-modality cues (i.e., either visual or auditory) leads to calls for examining how to make cueing technique work more effectively by using dual-modality cues (i.e., both visual and auditory).…”