How Loud Is Too Loud? Competing Rights to Religious Freedom and Property and the Muslim Call to Prayer (Adhan or Azan) in South Africa

Abstract

This article approaches the position of the call to prayer (adhan or azan) in South Africa from the perspective of both legislation and case law. Although only an unamplified adhan has religious status in Islam, Muslim religious authorities (ulama) have since the twentieth century also approved of, and permitted, an amplified adhan. The adhan has been rendered in both forms from South African mosques (masjids) for some 223 years. However, the unamplified adhan has recently come under the legal and judicial spotlight when the volume of its rendering by human voice was restricted. In August 2020, after prior attempts at municipal level and mediation had been unsuccessful, a high court in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, ruled that the sound of the unamplified adhan emanating from a mosque located on the premises of an Islamic institution (madrassa) in the city of Durban should not be audible within the house situated on nearby property belonging to a Hindu neighbor. Wide media coverage reported that the ruling was publicly decried and met with criticism. The Madrassa lodged an appeal in September 2020 and the matter is ongoing. The High Court’s decision is binding in KwaZulu-Natal, a province where Hindus, as a religious minority, are concentrated. The article highlights that although the decision is not binding on similar courts in other provinces, its outcome may yet have far-reaching consequences for the adhan as a religious and cultural heritage symbol, and for religious symbols generally, because similar complaints have been lodged, albeit against amplified adhans, against several mosques located in major cities (Cape Town and Tshwane) of two other provinces where Muslims, as a religious minority, are largely concentrated. The article examines the adhan in the context of competing constitutional rights to religious freedom and property (neighbor law) in South Africa. The article proffers some recommendations for the way forward in South Africa based in some instances on the position of the adhan in several countries. It concludes that, ultimately, unamplified, unduly amplified and duly amplified adhans may all yet be found to constitute a noise nuisance in South Africa, if challenged and found to be unreasonable.

The Call of Jihad in Adding the Adhan Narrative to the Perspective of Islamic Law

“…Asbath reported through al-Suddi that there was a Christian in Medina (Moosa, 2021). When he heard the muezzin call the call to prayer in the sentence, I testify that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle, he exclaimed (to the Christians): "Hopefully the liar will be burned.…”

Christians’ Tolerance of Muslims’ Religious Sounds in Tana Toraja

“…A holistic or multi-disciplines approach to religious voices is necessary because religious practices are inextricably linked to numerous facets of life, such as culture, economy, and politics. Considering the defense for the right to religious liberty, Najma Moosa's (2021) study employs a perspective based on South African laws and legal cases to analyze the sound of the call to prayer. Moosa recognizes the call to prayer as both a religious symbol and a cultural artifact.…”

“…he use of loudspeakers and amplification of mosque sounds has caused religious conflict around the world, particularly in Muslim minority areas. In several Muslim minority countries, such as India, South Africa (Moosa, 2021), and the Netherlands (Tamimi Arab, 2015), Muslims associated with the sound of azan (the call to prayer) from mosques are prohibited from interacting with followers of other religions. The local government has established several strategies and regulations to resolve interreligious conflicts caused by religious sounds.…”

“…Previous publications have prioritized conceptual analysis (Setyabudi, 2020), social interactions (Marpuah, 2019), and the construction of places of worship (Pamungkas, 2014). Meanwhile, research on the sound of houses of worship has only focused on political issues, legal and regulatory issues (Grant, 2018;Kovačič, 2016b;Moosa, 2021), conflict-related issues, and conflict resolution strategies (Kovačič, 2016a;Tamimi Arab, 2015). Therefore, more research is still needed on religious noise and how it relates to the tolerance of majority adherents towards minority religious adherents.…”