How Do Toddler Eating Problems Relate to Their Eating Behavior, Food Preferences, and Growth?

Wright, Charlotte; Parkinson, Kathryn; Shipton, Deborah; Drewett, Robert

doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2961

Cited by 192 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…9 The present findings also underscore the need for further research into FED and associated factors, in particular, the role of parity, female gender, and parents' ethnic background as well as the influence of risk related to maternal and relational factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…2 However, the literature on FED is hampered by methodological shortcomings regarding validated measures to assess clinically impairing feeding and eating behavior 9 and consensus regarding the definitions of weight faltering. 10 Epidemiologic data on FED in young children diagnosed using to the current diagnostic practice are scarce.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 It has been suggested that different risk mechanisms may be involved at different neonatal ages; these mechanisms may vary according to the stage of development and may be related to the sensorimotor development related to feeding, eating, and the processes of individuation and self-regulation of the child. 9 In a general population birth cohort study, the Copenhagen Child Cohort (N = 6090), Olsen et al investigated FTT and found it to be closely related to contemporary measured feeding problems; however, the risk mechanisms involved seem to differ according to age of onset within the first year of postnatal life. 29 Thus, the onset of FTT within the first weeks of life was associated with low birth weight and gestational age, single parenthood, and maternal smoking in pregnancy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years

et al. 2016

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, age at diagnosis, and associations between perinatal risk factors of feeding and eating disorders (FED) diagnosed at hospital in children aged 0 to 3 years. METHODS:A nationwide cohort of 901 227 children was followed until 48 months of age in the national registers from 1997 to 2010. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for FED diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases and associations with perinatal risk factors. RESULTS:A total of 1365 children (53% girls) were diagnosed with FED at hospital, corresponding to a cumulative incidence of 1.6 per 1000 live births. High risk of FED was seen in children born before gestational week 28 (HR, 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15-5.78). HRs were 3.74 for children small for gestational age ≤3 SD (95% CI, 2.71-5.17) and 4.71 in those with congenital malformations (95% CI, 3.86-5.74). Increased risk of FED was associated with female gender (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.08-1.34), maternal smoking in pregnancy (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08-1.42), immigrant status (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.92-2.61), and being the firstborn (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.50).CONCLUSIONS: FED in referred children aged 0 to 3 years are associated with perinatal adversities, female gender, maternal smoking in pregnancy, being firstborn, and having immigrant parents. The results suggest complex causal mechanisms of FED and underscore the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the clinical management of young children with persistent problems of feeding, eating, and weight faltering.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years

et al. 2016

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“…Many of these correlated significantly with both weight gain and appetite at different ages, but even the most predictive of these variables (appetite) individually predicted only a tiny proportion of the variance in weight to 1 year (4 %) (20) . We thus needed some sort of data reduction and summarising process to form a composite measure of infancy avidity eating behaviours (avidity score).…”

Section: Infancy Eating Avidity Measuresmentioning

confidence: 97%

To what extent do weight gain and eating avidity during infancy predict later adiposity?

Wright

Cox

Sherriff³

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To determine the extent to which weight gain and eating behaviours in infancy predict later adiposity. Design: Population-based, prospective, longitudinal birth cohort study. Weights collected in infancy were used to calculate Z-scores for weight gain to age 1 year conditional on birth weight (CWG). To avoid multiple significance tests, variables from the parent questionnaire completed at age 1 year describing eating avidity were combined using general linear modelling to create an infancy avidity score. Anthropometry, skinfold thicknesses and bioelectrical impedance data collected at age 7-8 years were combined using factor analysis, to create an adiposity index. Setting: Gateshead, UK. Subjects: Members of the Gateshead Millennium Study cohort with data at both time points (n 561). Results: CWG in infancy significantly predicted adiposity at age 7 years, but related more strongly to length and lean mass. High adiposity (. 90th internal percentile) at age 7 years was significantly associated with high CWG (relative risk 2?76; 95 % CI 1?5, 5?1) in infancy, but less so with raised (. 74th internal percentile) eating avidity in infancy (relative risk 1?87; 95 % CI 0?9, 3?7). However, the majority of children with high weight gain (77?6 %) or avidity (85?5 %) in infancy did not go on to have high adiposity at age 7 years. Conclusions: Rapid weight gain in infancy and the eating behaviours which relate to it do predict later adiposity, but are more strongly predictive of later stature and lean mass. Keywords Obesity Weight velocity Feeding behaviour InfancyA number of studies have found significant associations between rapid infancy weight gain and later overweight (1) , leading to the suggestion that prevention (2,3) and even treatment of childhood obesity (4,5) should begin as early as the first year of life. However, weight gain in infancy reflects growth in bone and muscle as well as fat and some infants will be showing rapid gain in height or lean mass rather than adiposity (6) . Thus while on average rapid weight gain may predict later adiposity, what is not clear is how well it would prospectively identify individual children at risk. There is also recent research that suggests there are distinctive childhood eating behaviours related to overweight which may reflect an inherent tendency to overeat (7) , so eating behaviour in infancy could predispose to, or protect against, later obesity (7,8) .Apart from studies examining how the type and style of milk feeding relates to later obesity (9-11) , we currently know little about eating behaviour in infancy and even less about how it tracks on to later adiposity or eating style. We hypothesised that eating avidity, a global term to denote enthusiasm and hunger for food, might be a useful predictor of gain in fat. The Gateshead Millennium Study was set up in order to examine infant growth and weight gain and how this relates to eating behaviour, prospectively measured from birth (12) . These children have now been followed into childhood where me...

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“…When asked, more than 50% of mothers claim that at least 1 of their children eats poorly; this implicates ∼20% to 30% of children. [1][2][3][4] These perceived feeding problems encompass a broad range, from mild (so-called picky eating) to severe (as seen in autism). The pediatrician seeking to resolve these concerns needs a comprehensive approach, one that extends beyond the guidelines more suited for subspecialists and multidisciplinary teams, who are confronted by the more severe end of the spectrum: the so-called "feeding disorders" (Fig 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Practical Approach to Classifying and Managing Feeding Difficulties

Kerzner¹,

et al. 2015

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Many young children are thought by their parents to eat poorly. Although the majority of these children are mildly affected, a small percentage have a serious feeding disorder. Nevertheless, even mildly affected children whose anxious parents adopt inappropriate feeding practices may experience consequences. Therefore, pediatricians must take all parental concerns seriously and offer appropriate guidance. This requires a workable classification of feeding problems and a systematic approach. The classification and approach we describe incorporate more recent considerations by specialists, both medical and psychological. In our model, children are categorized under the 3 principal eating behaviors that concern parents: limited appetite, selective intake, and fear of feeding. Each category includes a range from normal (misperceived) to severe (behavioral and organic). The feeding styles of caregivers (responsive, controlling, indulgent, and neglectful) are also incorporated. The objective is to allow the physician to efficiently sort out the wide variety of conditions, categorize them for therapy, and where necessary refer to specialists in the field.Parents of young children worldwide are concerned about feeding difficulties. When asked, more than 50% of mothers claim that at least 1 of their children eats poorly; this implicates ∼20% to 30% of children.

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How Do Toddler Eating Problems Relate to Their Eating Behavior, Food Preferences, and Growth?

Abstract: Eating problems are common in toddlers and in the majority are associated with normal growth, although weight faltering is more common in such children. Excessive milk-drinking may be a cause of low appetite at meal times.

Cited by 192 publications

References 18 publications

Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years

Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years

To what extent do weight gain and eating avidity during infancy predict later adiposity?

A Practical Approach to Classifying and Managing Feeding Difficulties

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