“…Several studies find that families respond to income losses by decreasing out-of-pocket spending (Ganong & Noel, 2019 ; Karaca-Mandic et al, 2014 ). However, very few studies (Grafova et al, 2020b ) are devoted specifically to how health care spending decisions in single-mother families are affected by income changes. Most of the existing literature devoted to single-mother families either finds that living in a single-mother family is associated with low income and high poverty rates, or links living in single-mother family to adverse physical and mental health outcomes (Bzostek & Beck, 2011 ; Langton & Berger, 2011 ).…”