How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Morawska, Lidia; Tang, Julian W.; Bahnfleth, William P.; Bluyssen, Philomena M.; Boerstra, Atze; Buonanno, Giorgio; Cao, Junji; Dancer, S.J.; Floto, Andres; Franchimon, F Francesco; Haworth, Charles; Hogeling, Jaap; Isaxon, Christina; Jimenez, José L.; Kurnitski, Jarek; Li, Yuguo; Loomans, Mglc Marcel; Marks, Guy B.; Marr, Linsey C.; Mazzarella, Livio; Melikov, Arsen Krikor; Miller, Shelly L.; Milton, Donald K.; Nazaroff, William W.; Nielsen, Peter; Noakes, Catherine; Peccia, Jordan; Querol, Xavier; Sekhar, Chandra; Seppänen, Olli; Tanabe, Shin Ichi; Tellier, Raymond; Tham, Kwok Wai; Wargocki, Paweł; Wierzbicka, Aneta; Yao, Maosheng

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832

Cited by 1,016 publications

(892 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary route of person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is thought to involve respiratory droplets and aerosols reviewed in [24][25][26] , leading predominantly to a respiratory tract infection. Secondary (indirect) transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through contamination of HITES by droplets and respiratory aerosols or other patient secretions/excretions (bronchoalveolar uid, sputum, mucus, blood, lacrimal uid, semen, urine, and feces) also is thought to occur [24][25][26][27] . The indirect transmission pathway, envisioned as a patient's bodily uids-HITES-hands-mucous membrane nexus, is supported by experimental transmission studies in animal models 28 and by the results of investigations of the contamination of HITES with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in healthcare settings 25,[29][30][31] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Ijaz

Nims²,

Zhou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Mitigating the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 or other coronaviruses requires awareness of the survival of virus on high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES) and skin, and frequent use of targeted microbicides with virucidal efficacy. We evaluated the efficacies of formulated microbicidal actives against alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.Infectious coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus 229E, bovine coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus-1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, were deposited on prototypic HITES or spiked into liquid matrices along with organic soil loads. Alcohol-, quaternary ammonium compound-, hydrochloric acid-, organic acid-, p-chloro-m-xylenol-, and sodium hypochlorite-based microbicidal formulations were evaluated per global standardized ASTM International and EN methodologies. All evaluated formulated microbicides inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in suspension or on prototypic HITES. Virucidal efficacies ( ≥3 to ≥6 log10 reduction) were displayed within 30 s to 5 min. Coronaviruses, like other lipid-enveloped viruses, are susceptible to commonly used microbicides. We confirmed the virucidal efficacy of a variety of commercially available formulated microbicides against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. These formulated microbicidal actives should be useful for targeted surface and hand hygiene and disinfection of liquids, as part of infection prevention and control for SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging enveloped viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Ijaz

Nims²,

Zhou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[24] Although the importance of the relative contribution of different modalities of infection for COVID-19 remains to be fully identi ed, limiting airborne transmission through improvement of ventilation, appropriate building engineering are thought to be important, along with the maintenance of regular hand washing and avoidance of shared spaces/facilities. [25] Prior research from slums in Bangladesh identi ed that nearly 82% of the slum households are single room dwellings and 48% possess a dwelling area of less than 9.3 m 2 . [26] The current suggest that more than 90% of slum dwellings are overcrowded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A place-based analysis of COVID-19 risk factors in Bangladesh urban slums: A secondary analysis of World Bank microdata

Hasan

Das

Hanifi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: There is a lack of research investigating the confluence of risk factors in urban slums that may make them accelerators for respiratory, droplet infections like COVID-19. Our working hypothesis was that, even within slums, an inverse relationship existed between living density and access to shared or private WASH facilities. Methods: In an exploratory, secondary analysis of World Bank, cross-sectional microdata from slums in Bangladesh we investigated the relationship between intra-household population density (crowding) and access to private or shared water sources and toilet facilities. Results: The analysis showed that most households were single-room dwellings (80.4%). Median crowding ranged from 0.55 m2 per person up to 67.7 m2 per person. The majority of the dwellings (83.3%), shared both toilet facilities and the source of water, and there was a significant positive relationship between crowding and the use of shared facilities. Conclusion: The findings highlight the practical constraints on implementing, in slums, the conventional COVID19 management approaches of social distancing, regular hand washing, and not sharing spaces. It has implications for the management of future respiratory epidemics.

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“…The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) states ventilation and filtration can reduce the concentration of SARS-COV-2 in the air [20]. Most healthcare settings have adequate system requirements to provide proper ventilation [21]. If ventilation rates of an exercise science laboratory are insufficient, other means such as opening windows/doors to allow natural ventilation, creating a negative pressure chamber, or implementing portable air disinfection devices may be beneficial [21,22].…”

Section: General Testing Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most healthcare settings have adequate system requirements to provide proper ventilation [21]. If ventilation rates of an exercise science laboratory are insufficient, other means such as opening windows/doors to allow natural ventilation, creating a negative pressure chamber, or implementing portable air disinfection devices may be beneficial [21,22]. Since exercise science laboratory environments are diverse each laboratory should take ventilation into consideration when opening and planning testing capacity.…”

Section: General Testing Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-Opening Exercise Science Laboratories and Testing During the Covid-19 Endemic Phase

Dengel

Evanoff

2020

Int J Sports Med

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced primary/grade schools and university closings as well as forced the suspension of a number of medical and laboratory testing procedures. Exercise science laboratories whether in clinical, research or educational locations were also forced to pause testing procedures. As the COVID-19 pandemic begins to subside in some areas of the world, exercise science laboratories are contemplating how to create a safe environment to resume some laboratory testing activities. In this article, we present suggestions for how exercise science laboratories can open and create a safe environment for subjects, laboratory personnel and equipment upon reopening.

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How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Cited by 1,016 publications

References 60 publications

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

A place-based analysis of COVID-19 risk factors in Bangladesh urban slums: A secondary analysis of World Bank microdata

Re-Opening Exercise Science Laboratories and Testing During the Covid-19 Endemic Phase

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