Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub>Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease

Chafe, Zoë; Bräuer, Michael; Klimont, Zbigniew; Dingenen, Rita Van; Mehta, Sumi; Rao, Shilpa; Riahi, Keywan; Dentener, Frank; Smith, Kirk R.

doi:10.1289/ehp.1206340

Cited by 423 publications

(279 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The household combustion of solid fuels (coal, wood, dung, and crop waste), for the purpose of heating and cooking, is an activity practiced by approximately 3 billion people around the world (Chafe et al 2014). Air pollution caused by the combustion of these solid fuels has a significant influence on public health, attributing to more than 4 million premature deaths globally in 2012 (Bruce et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study

2015

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The household combustion of solid fuels, for the purpose of heating and cooking, is an activity practiced by many people in South Africa. Air pollution caused by the combustion of solid fuels in households has a significant influence on public health. People most affected are those considered to be the poorest, living in low-income settlements, where burning solid fuel is the primary source of energy. Insufficient data has been collected in South Africa to quantify the concentrations of particulate emissions that people are exposed to, especially the respirable fraction, associated with the combustion of solid fuels. The aim of this paper is to gain an understanding of the particulate matter (PM) concentrations a person living in a typical household in a low income settlement in the South African Highveld is exposed to. It also seeks to demonstrate that the use of solid fuels in the household can lead to indoor air pollution concentrations reaching levels very similar to ambient PM concentrations, which could be well in excess of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, representing a major national public health threat. A mobile monitoring station was used in KwaDela, Mpumalanga to measure both ambient particulate concentrations and meteorological conditions, while a range of dust/particulate monitors were used for indoor and personal particulate concentration measurements. Indoor and personal measurements are limited to the respirable fraction (PM 4 ) as this fraction contributes significantly to the negative health impacts. The sampling for this case study took place from 7-19 August 2014. Highest particulate matter concentrations were evident during the early mornings and the early evenings, when solid fuel burning activities were at their highest. Indoor and personal daily average PM 4 concentrations did not exceed the 24h National Ambient PM 2.5 Standard of 65 µg/m 3 nor did they exceed the 24h National Ambient PM 10 Standard of 75 µg/ m 3 . The outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations were found to be below the standards for the duration of the sampling period. The outdoor PM 10 concentrations exceeded the standards for one day during the sampling period. Results indicate that, although people in KwaDela may be exposed to ambient PM concentrations that can be non-compliant to ambient standards, the exposure to indoor air, where solid fuel is burnt, may be detrimental to their health. Keywords particulate matter exposure, indoor air quality, ambient air quality, personal exposure

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study

2015

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“…To achieve the National Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (2013-2017) targets (hereafter the "Action Plan") efficiently, regional data are needed to prioritize modifications to the structure of the energy sector to reduce healthdamaging emissions from all sectors, including households. There have been estimates of the contribution of household emissions to ambient pollution in China based on global databases and models (9,10). These analyses use coarse resolution models and have not been Significance China suffers from severe outdoor air pollution and associated public health impacts.…”

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Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated ambient pollution source

Mauzerall

Chen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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As part of the 12th Five-Year Plan, the Chinese government has developed air pollution prevention and control plans for key regions with a focus on the power, transport, and industrial sectors. Here, we investigate the contribution of residential emissions to regional air pollution in highly polluted eastern China during the heating season, and find that dramatic improvements in air quality would also result from reduction in residential emissions. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry to evaluate potential residential emission controls in Beijing and in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH) region. In January and February 2010, relative to the base case, eliminating residential emissions in Beijing reduced daily average surface PM 2.5 (particulate mater with aerodynamic diameter equal or smaller than 2.5 micrometer) concentrations by 14 ± 7 μg·m −3 (22 ± 6% of a baseline concentration of 67 ± 41 μg·m −3 ; mean ± SD). Eliminating residential emissions in the BTH region reduced concentrations by 28 ± 19 μg·m −3 (40 ± 9% of 67 ± 41 μg·m −3 ), 44 ± 27 μg·m −3 (43 ± 10% of 99 ± 54 μg·m −3 ), and 25 ± 14 μg·m −3 (35 ± 8% of 70 ± 35 μg·m −3 ) in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces, respectively. Annually, elimination of residential sources in the BTH region reduced emissions of primary PM 2.5 by 32%, compared with 5%, 6%, and 58% achieved by eliminating emissions from the transportation, power, and industry sectors, respectively. We also find air quality in Beijing would benefit substantially from reductions in residential emissions from regional controls in Tianjin and Hebei, indicating the value of policies at the regional level.PM 2.5 | secondary aerosols | regional pollution transport | residential emissions | source contribution

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“…An estimated 370,000-500,000 global premature deaths in adults occur annually owing to ambient exposure to fine particulate matter associated with residential cookstoves (3)(4)(5), and there are as many as 1.0 million global annual premature deaths of adults and children under the age of 5 y from combined residential and commercial energy generation (which includes solid fuel use for cooking) (6). This is a significant fraction of the ∼2.9 million premature deaths owing to degraded ambient air quality from all sources (5).…”

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Transient climate and ambient health impacts due to national solid fuel cookstove emissions

Henze

Lee

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

115

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Residential solid fuel use contributes to degraded indoor and ambient air quality and may affect global surface temperature. However, the potential for national-scale cookstove intervention programs to mitigate the latter issues is not yet well known, owing to the spatial heterogeneity of aerosol emissions and impacts, along with coemitted species. Here we use a combination of atmospheric modeling, remote sensing, and adjoint sensitivity analysis to individually evaluate consequences of a 20-y linear phase-out of cookstove emissions in each country with greater than 5% of the population using solid fuel for cooking. Emissions reductions in China, India, and Ethiopia contribute to the largest global surface temperature change in 2050 [combined impact of −37 mK (11 mK to −85 mK)], whereas interventions in countries less commonly targeted for cookstove mitigation such as Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan have the largest per cookstove climate benefits. Abatement in China, India, and Bangladesh contributes to the largest reduction of premature deaths from ambient air pollution, preventing 198,000 (102,000-204,000) of the 260,000 (137,000-268,000) global annual avoided deaths in 2050, whereas again emissions in Ukraine and Azerbaijan have the largest per cookstove impacts, along with Romania. Global cookstove emissions abatement results in an average surface temperature cooling of −77 mK (20 mK to −278 mK) in 2050, which increases to −118 mK (−11 mK to −335 mK) by 2100 due to delayed CO 2 response. Health impacts owing to changes in ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM 2.5 ) amount to ∼22.5 million premature deaths prevented between 2000 and 2100.aerosols | climate | human health | cookstoves | atmospheric modeling G lobally over 3 billion people presently use solid fuel for meal preparation (1). The extent of this activity and the associated air quality pollutant emissions have led to numerous cookstove intervention studies and programs, such as the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves work to implement 60 million clean cookstoves by 2017 (cleancookstoves.org/about/news/11-20-2014-market-enabling-roadmap-phase-2-2015-2017.html). A primary goal of these efforts is to improve indoor air quality, estimated to cause ∼4.3 million premature deaths annually, along with enhancing livelihood of woman and children via reprieval from fuel collection and other solid fuel cookingrelated tasks (2).The magnitude of the emissions of aerosols, aerosol precursors, and greenhouse gases from solid fuel use has also motivated studies of the impact of these emissions on climate and ambient air quality. An estimated 370,000-500,000 global premature deaths in adults occur annually owing to ambient exposure to fine particulate matter associated with residential cookstoves (3-5), and there are as many as 1.0 million global annual premature deaths of adults and children under the age of 5 y from combined residential and commercial energy generation (which includes solid fuel use for cooking) (6). Thi...

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Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM_2.5Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease

Cited by 423 publications

References 46 publications

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study

Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated ambient pollution source

Transient climate and ambient health impacts due to national solid fuel cookstove emissions

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Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM2.5Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease

Cited by 423 publications

References 46 publications

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga highveld – A case study

Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated ambient pollution source

Transient climate and ambient health impacts due to national solid fuel cookstove emissions

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Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM_2.5Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease