Host–parasite interaction between cultivated mushroom,Agaricus bisporushybrid strain Sylvan A15, and the mycoparasiteVerticillium fungicola, a causal agent of dry bubble disease

Evaluation of the infection process by Lecanicillium fungicola in Agaricus bisporus by scanning electron microscopy

“…5 Our images confirm that the vegetative mycelium of A. bisporus is resistant to the infection of L. fungicola. The same was observed by Shamshad et al 22 while studying the interaction between the vegetative mycelia of A. bisporus and L. fungicola, demonstrating through transmission electron microscopy that there was no infection. On the other hand, spores and hyphae of L. fungicola are either attached to the surface or rolled around the vegetative hyphae of the host.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, the pathogen infection process occurs in the fruiting body hyphae rather than in the vegetative hyphae. 19,22 Our results highlight the first one reported regarding the study of the disease development over time comprising 16-50 h after inoculation. During this period, it was possible to visualize from the germination to the penetration of the pathogen in the host and the most usual symptom, which is the dry bubble often followed by browning.…”

Lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white‐button mushroom

“…Infection is initiated by attachment to the hyphae. Hyphae of L. fungicola can attach to both the vegetative mycelium of A. bisporus and the mycelium of its developing fruiting bodies (Calonje et al ., 1997, 2000a; Dragt et al ., 1996; Shamshad et al ., 2009a). It is generally accepted that the A. bisporus vegetative mycelium is resistant to infection by L. fungicola .…”

“…It is generally accepted that the A. bisporus vegetative mycelium is resistant to infection by L. fungicola . The integrity of A. bisporus vegetative hyphae is not affected by L. fungicola , as observed in dual culture on agar medium (Calonje et al ., 2000a; Shamshad et al ., 2009a) and in casing directly under an infected mushroom (Cross and Jacobs, 1968). Only Gray and Morgan‐Jones (1981) reported that L. fungicola overgrew and caused severe necrosis in a colony of A. bisporus on an agar medium.…”

Mycoparasite Hypomyces odoratus infests Agaricus xanthodermus fruiting bodies in nature

“…Differently to the fruiting bodies, mycelium of A. bisporus has been reported to be resistant e.g. for the wet bubble disease inducer H. perniciosus (Zhang et al 2017 ) while the dry bubble inducer L. fungicola has variably been found to attack or not attack host mycelium (Dragt et al 1996 ; Calonje et al 2000 ; Shamshad et al 2009 ) and the cobweb inducer Cladobotryum varium overgrow with time cultures of the basidiomycete and caused necrosis (Gray and Morgan-Jones 1981 ). Furthermore shown in this study, in mycelial confrontations with growing or grown A. xanthodermus and P. ostreatus cultures, the five H. odoratus isolates here were not or not very aggressive with both species.…”