Hormonal changes during puberty and their relationship to fat distribution

Roemmich, James N.; Rogol, Alan D.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1999)11:2<209::aid-ajhb9>3.0.co;2-g

Cited by 86 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…A transducer probe emits, through the skin, an ultrasonic wave, part of which is reflected in the fat-muscle interface. We selected 2 preferred anatomical areas: the intra-abdominal area, which is often associated with metabolic risk factors, [16][17][18] and the midthigh area ( Figure 1). Subcutaneous fat was located in a horizontal plane with an approximately 456 vertebral axis at the umbilical level, in the middle of the knee, and at the top of the thigh anteriorly.…”

Section: Data Collection Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Techniques Applied to Body Fat Measurement in Male and Female Athletes

Pineau

Filliard

Bocquet

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: For athletes in disciplines with weight categories, it is important to assess body composition and weight fluctuations.Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of measuring body fat percentage with a portable ultrasound device possessing high accuracy and reliability versus fan-beam, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Design: Cross-validation study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 93 athletes (24 women, 69 men), aged 23.5 6 3.7 years, with body mass index 5 24.0 6 4.2 and body fat percentage via DEXA 5 9.41 6 8.1 participated. All participants were elite athletes selected from the Institut National des Sports et de l'Education Physique. These participants practiced a variety of weight-category sports.Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured body fat and body fat percentage using an ultrasound technique associated with anthropometric values and the DEXA reference technique.Cross-validation between the ultrasound technique and DEXA was then performed.Results: Ultrasound estimates of body fat percentage were correlated closely with those of DEXA in both females (r 5 0.97, standard error of the estimate 5 1.79) and males (r 5 0.98, standard error of the estimate 5 0.96). The ultrasound technique in both sexes had a low total error (0.93). The 95% limit of agreement was 20.06 6 1.2 for all athletes and did not show an overprediction or underprediction bias. We developed a new model to produce body fat estimates with ultrasound and anthropometric dimensions.Conclusions: I n sport disciplines with weight categories, assessing individual weight fluctuations and their consequences on body composition is important to optimize the performances of athletes during competitions. 1-3 Just before a competition, some athletes need to lose a large quantity of body weight in a short period of time. This weight loss is difficult for many athletes because it often results in poorer performances. 4,5 It is, therefore, necessary to determine each athlete's ideal weight category. For that purpose, knowledge of body composition in relation to total body fat (BF) and fatfree mass (FFM) is required. Optimizing these components is essential for improving physical training for each athlete.To evaluate BF percentage (BF%), a noninvasive portable ultrasound device that measures the thickness of subcutaneous fat and has been validated on sedentary participants can be used. Pineau et al 6 cross-validated the portable ultrasound technique (UT), air-displacement plethysmography, and bioelectric impedance (BIA) with fan-beam, dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in 89 healthy volunteers. Body fat percentage estimates by UT were more accurate than those obtained with air-displacement plethysmography or BIA, regardless of sex.A cross-validation study between UT and the DEXA reference was carried out and the results compared on 93 athletes. The portable UT measures the thickness of subcutaneous fat. These measurements were taken at specific points on all participants for the estimation of BF, BF%, and F...

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Section: Data Collection Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound Techniques Applied to Body Fat Measurement in Male and Female Athletes

Pineau

Filliard

Bocquet

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…The proposed mechanism behind leptin as a trigger to puberty, beholds that leptin independently of FM acts on the hypothalamic LHRH pulse generator (12)(13)(14). Consequently, LHRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary, which in turn stimulate the gonads to release testosterone and estradiol (E 2 ; 12-14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Testosterone and E 2 inhibit the secretion of LHRH and respectively LH and FSH, which thereby form a negative feedback loop (13,14). Moreover, testosterone inhibits leptin secretion from the adipocytes, which forms a second negative feedback loop (14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between leptin, gonadotropic hormones, and body composition during puberty in a Dutch children cohort

Rutters

Nieuwenhuizen

Verhoef

et al. 2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between leptin concentrations, gonadotropic hormone concentrations, and body composition during puberty in a Dutch children cohort. Design: In a cohort of 98 children, we determined anthropometric measurements, body composition, and concentrations of leptin, FSH, and LH. Results: Sex differences were observed from Tanner stage 1 onwards in weight, body fat percentage, and leptin/fat mass ratio. In boys and girls, the relationship between leptin concentrations and FM was weaker at Tanner Z0.78; P!0.01). In girls, a peak in leptin concentrations (8.5G6.0 ng/ml) preceded a peak in LH and FSH concentrations (15.1G3.5 and 5.0G4.5 IU/l). A lead/lag relationship was observed of leptin at Tanner stage 1 to LH and FSH at Tanner stage 2 (R 2 Z0.12, P!0.05 and R 2 Z0.18, P!0.05). In boys, there was no peak in leptin, LH, and FSH; additionally, leptin at Tanner stage 3 was related FSH at Tanner stage 4 (R 2 Z0.17, P!0.04). Conclusion: In boys and girls during puberty, factors independent of fat mass become (transiently) more important in the regulation of plasma leptin concentrations. Moreover, in girls, leptin is suggested to act as a permissive factor for the onset of puberty, while, in boys, leptin has a different timing and possibly different function.European Journal of Endocrinology 160 973-978

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“…22 The final risk period for the development of persistent obesity is adolescence. [23][24][25][26] The relationship between childhood obesity and adult anthropometry has been the subject of limited research. The available evidence suggests that overweight in childhood is associated with increased risk of adult obesity and shorter adult stature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of childhood body mass index on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity: a follow-up study based on adolescent anthropometry recorded at Christ's Hospital (1936–1964)

et al. 2005

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Objective: To examine the impact of childhood body mass index (BMI) on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity. Design: A retrospective school-based cohort follow-up study. Subjects: A total of 1520 men born between 1927 and 1956 with serial height and weight measurements from the age of 9 to 18, followed up in adulthood at a mean age of 63 years. Measurements: Prepubertal (child) BMI; age at peak height velocity (APHV); adult leg length, waist and hip circumference (selfreported), and height and weight (measured). Results: Boys with a higher childhood BMI tended to have an earlier puberty (per s.d. increase in child BMI: À0.31 years, 95% confidence interval (CI): À0.23 to À0.39, Po0.001). Childhood BMI correlated strongly and positively with adult adiposity, as measured by BMI (1.24 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: 1.04-1.45, Po0.001), waist (1.94 cm, 95% CI: 1.50-2.37, Po0.001) and hip (1.91 cm, 95% CI: 1.55-2.28, Po0.001). It correlated inversely with leg length (À0.40 cm, 95% CI: À0.68 to À0.12, P ¼ 0.005), but not significantly with height or trunk length. Boys with a later puberty tended to be taller (per s.d. increase in APHV: 0.57 cm, 95% CI: 0.17-0.97, P ¼ 0.006) and less adipose as adults (À0.55 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: À0.33 to À0.77, Po0.001). Conclusion:The long-term consequences of childhood obesity into adulthood are well known, but the potential impact on early pubertal maturation is less well appreciated. The factors that contribute to the onset and persistence of childhood obesity require more public health focus.

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Hormonal changes during puberty and their relationship to fat distribution

Cited by 86 publications

References 104 publications

Ultrasound Techniques Applied to Body Fat Measurement in Male and Female Athletes

Ultrasound Techniques Applied to Body Fat Measurement in Male and Female Athletes

The relationship between leptin, gonadotropic hormones, and body composition during puberty in a Dutch children cohort

The impact of childhood body mass index on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity: a follow-up study based on adolescent anthropometry recorded at Christ's Hospital (1936–1964)

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