Hope as a Predictor of Bullying

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hope, age, and gender in predicting bullying (victim, bully, bully/victim, and not involved). The sample consisted of 751 participants recruited from middle school students. The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Children's Hope Scale, and a brief demographic information form including participants' gender, age, and grade level were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. The results revealed that higher hope scores decrease the likelihood that the subject is a victim or bully/victim. While being older increases the likelihood that the subject is a bully, being girl decreases the likelihood that the subject is a bully. The findings are discussed in the light of the literature with some suggestions for further studies. Gökhan ATİK 54 SUMMARYProblem Statement: In the recent years, bullying among students has become one of the most considerable concerns not only in western countries but also in Turkey. It influences students' well-being negatively and causes some problems, such as behavior problems, hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems, posttraumatic stress, depression and suicidal ideation, becoming violent, and decreased academic achievement, etc. Media and government reports and the studies conducted in Turkey indicate that bullying is a pervasive problem which needs to be addressed. Studies carried out in Turkey about prevalence rates of bullying give us warnings. Thus, in order to further the understanding of bullying in schools and to prevent bullying, investigating the effects of several factors and certain background variables deemed to be important.Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of hope, age, and gender in predicting bullying (victim, bully, bully/victim, and not involved).Method: The sample consisted of 751 participants recruited from middle school students. 350 of the participants were males (46.6%) and 401 of the participants were females (53.4%). Age of participants ranged from 11 to 15 (M=13.11, SD=.929). The sample consisted of 275 sixth (36.6%), 224 seventh (29.8%), and 252 eighth (33.6%) grade students. The instruments of this study were: The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Children's Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1997), and a brief demographic information form including participants' gender, age, and grade level. In this study, the validity and a week stability of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire were checked on a small group. The total scores of seven items related to being bullied were found to be positively and significantly correlated with the scores obtained from the Children Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacks, 1985) [n=29; r=.47, p<.05]. Also, the total scores of seven items about bullying others were found to be positively and significantly correlated with the scores obtained from the Children's Social Behavior Scale (CSBS; Crick and Grotpeter, 1995) [n=21; r=.43, p<.05]. The stabi...

A Little Hope Goes a Long Way: Identifying Profiles of Hope Among Gifted and Talented Turkish Adolescents

“…This interpretation led to overly positive evaluations of students’ adjustment that conflicted with the GT students’ own reports of sadness and isolation. Against this backdrop, our findings replicate and extend Turkish research showing a positive association between hope and nearly identical psychosocial constructs (e.g., Atik, 2009; Cengiz et al, 2025; Çelik et al, 2015; Telef, 2020) and demonstrate that these patterns also hold for GT youth, highlighting the importance of monitoring and supporting psychosocial functioning beyond achievement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine hope and its correlates among GT high school students in Turkey and one of the few to explore hope profiles in the GT population.…”

“…Hope has been found to correlate positively with self-esteem (Çelik et al, 2015), life satisfaction and positive affect (Telef, 2020), social support (Güngör, 2019;Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), social connectedness (Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), well-being (Cengiz et al, 2025), locus of control (Turan, 2021;Çelik et al, 2015), and school satisfaction and academic grit (Peker & Cengiz, 2023). Conversely, hope has been found to be negatively correlated with anger and depression (Taysi et al, 2015), social anxiety (Sahranç et al, 2018), negative affect (Telef, 2020), school burnout (Güngör, 2019), and the likelihood of participating in or experiencing bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

A Little Hope Goes a Long Way: Identifying Profiles of Hope Among Gifted and Talented Turkish Adolescents

“…This interpretation led to overly positive evaluations of students’ adjustment that conflicted with the GT students’ own reports of sadness and isolation. Against this backdrop, our findings replicate and extend Turkish research showing a positive association between hope and nearly identical psychosocial constructs (e.g., Atik, 2009; Cengiz et al, 2025; Çelik et al, 2015; Telef, 2020) and demonstrate that these patterns also hold for GT youth, highlighting the importance of monitoring and supporting psychosocial functioning beyond achievement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine hope and its correlates among GT high school students in Turkey and one of the few to explore hope profiles in the GT population.…”

“…Hope has been found to correlate positively with self-esteem (Çelik et al, 2015), life satisfaction and positive affect (Telef, 2020), social support (Güngör, 2019;Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), social connectedness (Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), well-being (Cengiz et al, 2025), locus of control (Turan, 2021;Çelik et al, 2015), and school satisfaction and academic grit (Peker & Cengiz, 2023). Conversely, hope has been found to be negatively correlated with anger and depression (Taysi et al, 2015), social anxiety (Sahranç et al, 2018), negative affect (Telef, 2020), school burnout (Güngör, 2019), and the likelihood of participating in or experiencing bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

Hope and life satisfaction in elementary school students: Mediation role of affective experiences

“…It was stated that developing hope could be an important objective for career consultants (Valero et al, 2015). Hope has a significant role in increasing the psychological health of an individual and protecting the individual in negative situations (Atik, 2009). Hope protects students against depression (Snyder et al, 1997;Wong & Lim, 2009), suicide risk (Wai et al, 2014), substance use (Brooks et al, 2016), school dropout (Worrell & Hale, 2001), and bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

The Effect of Regular Physical Exercise on Life Satisfaction and Hopes of the Breast Cancer Women in Remission Period

“…19 Diğer bir deyişle, bireylerdeki yüksek umut düzeyinin, temel önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıkmadan önceki) ve ikincil önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıktıktan sonraki) açısından önemli katkıları vardır. 20 Profesyonel düzeyde, rekreasyonel veya evde yapılan düzenli egzersizin bireylerdeki umut düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini pozitif yönde etkilediği birçok çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur. …”

“…19 Diğer bir deyişle, bireylerdeki yüksek umut düzeyinin, temel önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıkmadan önceki) ve ikincil önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıktıktan sonraki) açısından önemli katkıları vardır. 20 Profesyonel düzeyde, rekreasyonel veya evde yapılan düzenli egzersizin bireylerdeki umut düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini pozitif yönde etkilediği birçok çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur. 21 Bu çalışmanın amacı; kanser tedavilerini tamamlamış meme kanserli kadınlara uygulanan 16 haftalık düzenli olarak yapılan step-aerobik, nefes egzersizleri ve tempolu yürüyüşten oluşan fiziksel aktivitenin hastanın yaşam doyumu ve umut düze-yine etkisini sorgulamaktır.…”

A Little Hope Goes a Long Way: Identifying Profiles of Hope Among Gifted and Talented Turkish Adolescents

“…This interpretation led to overly positive evaluations of students’ adjustment that conflicted with the GT students’ own reports of sadness and isolation. Against this backdrop, our findings replicate and extend Turkish research showing a positive association between hope and nearly identical psychosocial constructs (e.g., Atik, 2009; Cengiz et al, 2025; Çelik et al, 2015; Telef, 2020) and demonstrate that these patterns also hold for GT youth, highlighting the importance of monitoring and supporting psychosocial functioning beyond achievement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine hope and its correlates among GT high school students in Turkey and one of the few to explore hope profiles in the GT population.…”

“…Hope has been found to correlate positively with self-esteem (Çelik et al, 2015), life satisfaction and positive affect (Telef, 2020), social support (Güngör, 2019;Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), social connectedness (Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), well-being (Cengiz et al, 2025), locus of control (Turan, 2021;Çelik et al, 2015), and school satisfaction and academic grit (Peker & Cengiz, 2023). Conversely, hope has been found to be negatively correlated with anger and depression (Taysi et al, 2015), social anxiety (Sahranç et al, 2018), negative affect (Telef, 2020), school burnout (Güngör, 2019), and the likelihood of participating in or experiencing bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

Hope and life satisfaction in elementary school students: Mediation role of affective experiences

“…It was stated that developing hope could be an important objective for career consultants (Valero et al, 2015). Hope has a significant role in increasing the psychological health of an individual and protecting the individual in negative situations (Atik, 2009). Hope protects students against depression (Snyder et al, 1997;Wong & Lim, 2009), suicide risk (Wai et al, 2014), substance use (Brooks et al, 2016), school dropout (Worrell & Hale, 2001), and bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

The Effect of Regular Physical Exercise on Life Satisfaction and Hopes of the Breast Cancer Women in Remission Period

“…19 Diğer bir deyişle, bireylerdeki yüksek umut düzeyinin, temel önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıkmadan önceki) ve ikincil önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıktıktan sonraki) açısından önemli katkıları vardır. 20 Profesyonel düzeyde, rekreasyonel veya evde yapılan düzenli egzersizin bireylerdeki umut düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini pozitif yönde etkilediği birçok çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur. …”

“…19 Diğer bir deyişle, bireylerdeki yüksek umut düzeyinin, temel önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıkmadan önceki) ve ikincil önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıktıktan sonraki) açısından önemli katkıları vardır. 20 Profesyonel düzeyde, rekreasyonel veya evde yapılan düzenli egzersizin bireylerdeki umut düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini pozitif yönde etkilediği birçok çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur. 21 Bu çalışmanın amacı; kanser tedavilerini tamamlamış meme kanserli kadınlara uygulanan 16 haftalık düzenli olarak yapılan step-aerobik, nefes egzersizleri ve tempolu yürüyüşten oluşan fiziksel aktivitenin hastanın yaşam doyumu ve umut düze-yine etkisini sorgulamaktır.…”

A Little Hope Goes a Long Way: Identifying Profiles of Hope Among Gifted and Talented Turkish Adolescents

“…This interpretation led to overly positive evaluations of students’ adjustment that conflicted with the GT students’ own reports of sadness and isolation. Against this backdrop, our findings replicate and extend Turkish research showing a positive association between hope and nearly identical psychosocial constructs (e.g., Atik, 2009; Cengiz et al, 2025; Çelik et al, 2015; Telef, 2020) and demonstrate that these patterns also hold for GT youth, highlighting the importance of monitoring and supporting psychosocial functioning beyond achievement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine hope and its correlates among GT high school students in Turkey and one of the few to explore hope profiles in the GT population.…”

“…Hope has been found to correlate positively with self-esteem (Çelik et al, 2015), life satisfaction and positive affect (Telef, 2020), social support (Güngör, 2019;Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), social connectedness (Sahranç et al, 2018;Çiçek, 2021), well-being (Cengiz et al, 2025), locus of control (Turan, 2021;Çelik et al, 2015), and school satisfaction and academic grit (Peker & Cengiz, 2023). Conversely, hope has been found to be negatively correlated with anger and depression (Taysi et al, 2015), social anxiety (Sahranç et al, 2018), negative affect (Telef, 2020), school burnout (Güngör, 2019), and the likelihood of participating in or experiencing bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

Hope and life satisfaction in elementary school students: Mediation role of affective experiences

“…It was stated that developing hope could be an important objective for career consultants (Valero et al, 2015). Hope has a significant role in increasing the psychological health of an individual and protecting the individual in negative situations (Atik, 2009). Hope protects students against depression (Snyder et al, 1997;Wong & Lim, 2009), suicide risk (Wai et al, 2014), substance use (Brooks et al, 2016), school dropout (Worrell & Hale, 2001), and bullying (Atik, 2009).…”

The Effect of Regular Physical Exercise on Life Satisfaction and Hopes of the Breast Cancer Women in Remission Period

“…19 Diğer bir deyişle, bireylerdeki yüksek umut düzeyinin, temel önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıkmadan önceki) ve ikincil önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıktıktan sonraki) açısından önemli katkıları vardır. 20 Profesyonel düzeyde, rekreasyonel veya evde yapılan düzenli egzersizin bireylerdeki umut düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini pozitif yönde etkilediği birçok çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur. …”

“…19 Diğer bir deyişle, bireylerdeki yüksek umut düzeyinin, temel önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıkmadan önceki) ve ikincil önleme (hastalık veya olumsuzluk ortaya çıktıktan sonraki) açısından önemli katkıları vardır. 20 Profesyonel düzeyde, rekreasyonel veya evde yapılan düzenli egzersizin bireylerdeki umut düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini pozitif yönde etkilediği birçok çalışmada ortaya konulmuştur. 21 Bu çalışmanın amacı; kanser tedavilerini tamamlamış meme kanserli kadınlara uygulanan 16 haftalık düzenli olarak yapılan step-aerobik, nefes egzersizleri ve tempolu yürüyüşten oluşan fiziksel aktivitenin hastanın yaşam doyumu ve umut düze-yine etkisini sorgulamaktır.…”