Honor-endorsing women and relational aggression: Evidence for the presence of feminine aggression norms in southern U.S. women

Foster, Stephen; Bock, Jarrod E.; Carvallo, Mauricio; Pollet, Callie L.; Stern, William

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111668

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…While the aforementioned honor-IPV research has focused exclusively on men’s violence against women, one must also consider if HAB plays a role for women’s behavior in relationships as well, perhaps helping to perpetuate cycles of violence in unhealthy relationships. Recent research has suggested that honor-endorsing women use relational aggression (i.e., gossip, social exclusion) when confronted with threats to their honor (Foster, Bock, et al, 2022)—it is possible that this form of aggressive responding may also be heightened via HAB, potentially posing a threat to the quality and functionality of intimate relationships as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For men in cultures of honor, one strives to maintain a reputation of being strong and fearless while, for women, one’s reputation centers around sexual purity and loyalty (Barnes et al, 2012; Foster et al, 2021). For both men and women in cultures of honor, these reputations are seen as worth defending at all costs—failures to defend one’s reputation in response to a social threat can result in status loss, a possibility which encourages individuals in honor cultures to vigilantly attend to all threats (Cohen et al, 1996; Foster, Bock, et al, 2022). If one’s primary motivation is to protect reputation at all costs, one might be prone to over -identifying social threats as a means of avoiding reputational fallout.…”

Section: Honor and Aggressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making the world a more hostile place: Honor endorsement and the hostile attribution bias.

Foster,

Bock,

Carvallo

2024

Psychology of Violence

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Objective: Prior research has sought to understand factors which facilitate aggression in cultures of honor but has focused primarily on objective reputation threats as the primary contributor. The current research investigates the extent to which honor norms may be linked with hostile attribution bias, a perceptual bias in how individuals perceive ambiguous scenarios, as well as how this might contribute to aggressive outcomes commonly found in the honor literature. Method: One thousand eight hundred thirty-one participants across two studies (one preregistered) and three sources of data completed measures on their anticipated anger, aggression, and attributions of hostility in hypothetical benign, ambiguous, and hostile scenarios. Some participants also completed measures of a word-sentence association paradigm to assess participant's access to hostile cognitions. Results: Analyses revealed significant indirect effects from honor endorsement to a latent aggression outcome through attributions of hostility and anticipated anger. Interestingly, significant effects were found in all three conditions (benign, ambiguous, and hostile) in Study 2. A significant link between honor endorsement and Hostility Association scores was only found in participants living in a culture of honor region. Conclusions: Findings suggest that honor-endorsing individuals may be more likely to interpret benign and ambiguous scenarios as inherently hostile, thus contributing to their propensity for aggressive responding. Prevention may lie in intervening during socialization processes, and implications suggest hostile attribution bias may play a role in domestic violence and support for other forms of violent behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Honor and Aggressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making the world a more hostile place: Honor endorsement and the hostile attribution bias.

Foster,

Bock,

Carvallo

2024

Psychology of Violence

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“…There has been considerable attention to the negative consequences associated with honor, especially in relation to violence, aggression, and revenge (see Thrasher & Handfield, 2018; Uskul et al, 2019), leading to an abundance of studies focused on the detrimental consequences of honor norms (e.g., Altheimer, 2013; Foster, 2020; Osterman & Brown, 2011). However, multidimensional conceptualizations of honor (e.g., Cross et al, 2014; Rodriguez Mosquera et al, 2002) highlight the importance of a more nuanced perspective that incorporates positive components, such as the desire to be socially responsible and behave morally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gheirat as a complex emotional reaction to relational boundary violations: A mixed-methods investigation.

Razavi¹,

Shaban-Azad²,

Srivastava³

2023

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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People from different cultural backgrounds vary in how they define, perceive, and react to violations of relational boundaries. Muslim cultures are diverse and include nearly one in four people in the world, yet research on their relational and moral norms is scarce. We contribute to narrowing this gap by studying gheirat, a moral-emotional experience ubiquitous in Muslim Middle Eastern cultures. In four mixed-methods studies, we study how gheirat is experienced, what situations elicit it, and its social functions among Iranian adults (N = 1,107) using qualitative interviews, scenario- and prototype-based surveys, and an experiment. The prototypical experience of gheirat consisted of diverse appraisals (including sense of responsibility, insecurity, and low self-worth) and emotional components (including hostility, social fears, and low empowerment). We identified three types of relational violations that elicit gheirat: harm or insult to namoos (people and self-relevant entities one is obliged to protect), romantic betrayal by namoos, and intrusions by a third person. Each violation type led to a distinct variant of the prototype. Contrary to folk theories of gheirat, we did not find support for the idea that gheirat is a predominantly male experience. However, an experiment on the signaling effects of gheirat revealed that gheirat expressors are ascribed both positive and negative traits, but positive traits prevail for men and negative traits prevail for women. We discuss how the results contribute to a better understanding of Iranian social life and intercultural contact, as well as the implications for theories of emotion and the cultural logic of honor.

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“…However, it is also possible that honor endorsers are simply reticent to report feeling interpersonal vulnerability, as doing so might be seen as akin to admitting weakness. Future research could benefit from examining potential manifestations of this link between honor and interpersonal invulnerability, especially given recent investigations into honor and social risks, such as relational aggression (e.g., Foster et al, 2022 ). Future research might also benefit from examining honor-driven perceptions of the social desirability of endorsing risk-taking behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invincible honor: masculine honor, perceived invulnerability, and risky decision-making

2023

Self Cite

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Masculine honor ideology is characterized by the cultivation, maintenance, and defense of reputations for toughness, bravery, and strength. The link between masculine honor endorsement and increased risk-taking – especially an increased tolerance for and even expectation of violence - is well-established in the literature. However, little empirical research has examined what factors might explain this relationship. This study investigates perceived invulnerability, the cognitive bias that one is immune to threats, as a mediator in the relationship between masculine honor ideology and risky decision-making. Results show moderate support for this relationship’s existence. These findings elaborate on previous research between honor and specific risky decisions by demonstrating honor to instill cognitive biases in its adherents that make them more tolerant of risk, and thus more likely to decide to engage in risky behaviors. The implications of these findings for interpreting previous research, guiding future research, and pursuing specific educational and policy-based efforts are discussed.

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Honor-endorsing women and relational aggression: Evidence for the presence of feminine aggression norms in southern U.S. women

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Making the world a more hostile place: Honor endorsement and the hostile attribution bias.

Making the world a more hostile place: Honor endorsement and the hostile attribution bias.

Gheirat as a complex emotional reaction to relational boundary violations: A mixed-methods investigation.

Invincible honor: masculine honor, perceived invulnerability, and risky decision-making

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