Holzman South: A Late Pleistocene Archaeological Site along Shaw Creek, Tanana Valley, Interior Alaska

Wygal, Brian T.; Krasinski, Kathryn E.; Holmes, Charles E.; Crass, Barbara A.

doi:10.1080/20555563.2017.1408358

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In paleontology and archeology, researchers have observed the chemical composition and physical characteristics of mammoth ivory to obtain information about environmental evolution in the Upper Paleolithic. − Based on the symbolic ancient mammoth ivory tools and artifacts, the origin and evolution of ancient technologies and cultural differences of different communities were identified. − The woolly mammoth is an extinct species of the Elephantidae with its tusks mostly buried in ice sheets or frozen soil in the northern hemisphere . The curved mammoth tusks generally present a light yellow to white color with a yellowish-brown surface darkened by burial. , With the wide application of mammoth ivory in gemology, its mineral composition is gradually understood by researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vivianite and Its Oxidation Products in Mammoth Ivory and Their Implications to the Burial Process

Shen

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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The phase composition and distribution characteristics have been obtained from two mammoth ivory samples with typical blue and yellowish-brown outer layers. The results reveal that hydroxyapatite, newberyite, organic matter, and quartz exist in all structures of mammoth ivory. Vivianite and santabarbaraite mainly contribute to the blue and yellowish-brown oxide layers of mammoth ivory, respectively. Meanwhile, metavivianite also occurs and partly influences the appearance of oxide layers. Vivianite is a common and complex product that can be formed by the interaction of gradually infiltrated Fe 2+ and the original PO 4 3– in mammoth ivory. At the later stage, vivianite can be oxidized into metavivianite and santabarbaraite. As a result, mammoth tusks present dark bluish-green and yellowish-brown appearances. The multi-colored oxide layers are formed by different contents of vivianite and its oxidation products, which also provides valuable information on the relative burial intensity and time in different structures. It is inferred that the burial intensity increases in the sequence of yellowish-white dentin → blue outer layer → yellowish-brown outer layer. These observations are hopeful to be widely used in evaluating the changeable burial environment and exploring historical events that occurred on mammoth ivory.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vivianite and Its Oxidation Products in Mammoth Ivory and Their Implications to the Burial Process

Shen

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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“…At Dry Creek [ 12 ] and Broken Mammoth [ 60 , 61 ], the oldest cultural component occurred beneath a thin sand layer that physically separated that component from the younger components. At the Holzman site, up to 20 cm of culturally sterile loess deposits separate components 4 from component 5a and sterile bands of sand deposits separate components 5a from 5b [ 9 , 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample includes eight sites with components argued to pre-date 13,000 BP, five from eastern Beringia and three from south of the ice sheets. Beringian pre-13,000 BP sites include Broken Mammoth [ 7 , 39 , 40 ], Dry Creek [ 10 , 12 ], Holzman South [ 9 , 13 ], Swan Point [ 6 , 8 ], and Owl Ridge [ 41 , 42 ]. All Beringian sites occur within a 200 km reach of the Tanana River valley and its tributaries in eastern Alaska and are buried in Pleistocene loess.…”

Section: The Apparent Stratigraphic Integrity Of Paleoindian Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late date of human arrival to North America: Continental scale differences in stratigraphic integrity of pre-13,000 BP archaeological sites

et al. 2022

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By 13,000 BP human populations were present across North America, but the exact date of arrival to the continent, especially areas south of the continental ice sheets, remains unclear. Here we examine patterns in the stratigraphic integrity of early North American sites to gain insight into the timing of first colonization. We begin by modeling stratigraphic mixing of multicomponent archaeological sites to identify signatures of stratigraphic integrity in vertical artifact distributions. From those simulations, we develop a statistic we call the Apparent Stratigraphic Integrity Index (ASI), which we apply to pre- and post-13,000 BP archaeological sites north and south of the continental ice sheets. We find that multiple early Beringian sites dating between 13,000 and 14,200 BP show excellent stratigraphic integrity. Clear signs of discrete and minimally disturbed archaeological components do not appear south of the ice sheets until the Clovis period. These results provide support for a relatively late date of human arrival to the Americas.

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“…Hare, marmot ( Marmota sp. ), ground squirrel ( Spermophilus parryii ), arctic fox ( Alopex lagopus ), river otter ( Lutra canadensis ), wolf, caribou, horse ( Equus lambei ), mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius ), moose, wapiti (elk; Cervus canadensis ), steppe bison ( Bison priscus ), and sheep are present in the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene faunal records (Yesner 2007; Holmes 2011; Potter et al 2014; Wygal et al 2018), as well as numerous species of small mammals that do not co-occur today (Lanoë et al 2020). The ecological overlap of these species indicates a uniquely heterogeneous environment at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Swan Point Site, Alaska: The Chronology of a Multi-Component Archaeological Site in Eastern Beringia

et al. 2023

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The Swan Point site in interior Alaska contains a significant multi-component archaeological record dating back to 14,200 cal BP. The site’s radiocarbon (14C) chronology has been presented in scattered publications that mostly focus on specific archaeological periods in Alaska, in particular its terminal Pleistocene components associated with the East Beringian tradition. This paper synthesizes the site’s 14C data and provides sequential Bayesian models for its cultural zones and subzones. The 14C and archaeological record at Swan Point attests that the location was persistently used over the last 14,000 years, even though major changes are evident within regional vegetation and local faunal communities, reflecting long-term trends culminating in Dene-Athabascan history.

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Holzman South: A Late Pleistocene Archaeological Site along Shaw Creek, Tanana Valley, Interior Alaska

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Vivianite and Its Oxidation Products in Mammoth Ivory and Their Implications to the Burial Process

Vivianite and Its Oxidation Products in Mammoth Ivory and Their Implications to the Burial Process

Late date of human arrival to North America: Continental scale differences in stratigraphic integrity of pre-13,000 BP archaeological sites

The Swan Point Site, Alaska: The Chronology of a Multi-Component Archaeological Site in Eastern Beringia

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