“…The spatial shape of the potential is given by the local light intensity pattern I͑x͒, which can be shaped with the near-and far-field optics for light, including holography. The simplest object is a periodic potential created by two beams of light whose interference forms a standing wave with reciprocal lattice vector Fujita et al, 2000b andMorinaga, Yasuda, et al, 1996;Fujita et al, 2000a. weakly perturbing versus strongly channeling lattices, ͑iii͒ on-versus off-resonant light, and ͑iv͒ static versus time-dependent optical potentials. These have been discussed by Oberthaler, Abfalterer, et al ͑1996͒;Oberthaler et al ͑1999͒;Keller et al ͑1999͒;Bernet et al ͑2000͒;Champenois et al ͑2001a͒;Gupta, Leanhardt, et al ͑2001͒;Morsch and Oberthaler ͑2006͒.…”