HIV outbreaks in Pakistan

Ahmed, Aziza; Hashmi, Furqan Khurshid; Khan, Gul Majid

doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30179-1

Cited by 49 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Despite the fall in peak of new HIV cases all over the world the low-middle-income countries (LMIC) like Pakistan are facing an escalation in the number of HIV cases, approximately more than 180,000 people are currently living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA). (2,3). The number of new cases of HIV has risen from 14,000 a year since 2010, to 22,000 in 2018 (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric assessment of translated Urdu version of WHOQOL-HIV BREF among patients living with HIV

Ahmed

Saqlain

Akhtar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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ObjectiveThe Low Middle Income Countries (LMIC) like Pakistan are facing an escalation in the number of HIV cases, approximately more than 180,000 people are currently living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Currently, no HIV specific Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) tool is validated in Pakistan; therefore, the current analysis was aimed at translating and examining the psychometric properties of the Urdu version of WHOQOL HIV BREF among HIV patients of Pakistan.MethodsThe standard forward-backwards translation technique was used for Urdu translation of the instrument. Based on the principle of 5 subjects minimally for each item, a sample of 182 patients were recruited by employing a universal random sampling technique. Data were analysed to measure reliability, internal consistency, known-group, multivariable linear regression and construct validity. Results High internal consistency 0.93 (Cronbach alpha) was found for all WHOQOL HIV Bref facets. The test-retest reliability analysis demonstrated a statistically significant Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.88 – 0.98 (p < 0.001). In known group validity, lower CD-4 lymphocytes count was significantly related to poor scores for all six domains (p < 0.001). Similarly, symptomatic subjects had significantly lower scores compared to asymptomatic subjects on the physical, psychological, social relationship and independence domains (p < 0.05). Results also revealed a statistically significant positive correlation of all six domains with CD4 count (p < 0.001), exhibiting patients with higher CD-4 lymphocytes count will have higher mean scores of all six domains. Factor analysis revealed 5 domains, including Physical health, Psychological health, Social relationship, Environmental, and Spiritual health. When all domains were assessed together via Multivariable linear regression analysis; only physical, psychological health and environment health domains were found significantly associated with higher CD-4 lymphocytes count (Beta = 0.121, p < 0.001, Beta = 0.103, p = 0.002, and Beta = 0.032, p = 0.032).ConclusionFindings suggested that the Urdu version of WHOQOL HIV Bref is a psychometrically valid tool for measuring HRQoL.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric assessment of translated Urdu version of WHOQOL-HIV BREF among patients living with HIV

Ahmed

Saqlain

Akhtar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…1). Several health experts across the country reported the outbreak and underscored various contributing factors of this menace [1–4]. A recent rural epidemic of HIV in Sindh province of Pakistan is reported to be caused by poor disease awareness and literacy in rural community, use of contaminated syringe by a quack impersonating a doctor and limited coverage of national AIDS control program (NACP) [2].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Similar outbreak has been experienced in Punjab province, where prevalence of HIV hiked from 1.29 to 13.38% in Kot Imrana (a small village in Punjab) during a brief period of 6 months. Most important drivers of this outbreak were the unsafe use of syringes through quackery followed by poor coordination among healthcare departments [1]. Other factors linked to the current HIV situation in Pakistan are unsafe blood transfusion, reuse of needles, male circumcision with unhygienic blades, and ear and nose piercing with unsafe needle.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It is pertinent to mention that HIV epidemics in Pakistan are primarily concentrated to the people who inject drugs (PWID), accounting approximately 38% of currently registered patients [1, 5]. Since PWID pose themselves to the imminent risks of contracting HIV 6 , we felt inclined to share that accessibility of injectables (i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PWID are driving HIV epidemic in Pakistan since last decade and count substantial proportion of HIV patients currently registered and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1, 5–7]. Due to its large share of the population; Punjab has the highest number of drug users with approximately 260,000 PWID.…”

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The association of HIV and easy access to narcotics in Pakistan; calling drug policy makers

Mallhi

Khan

et al. 2019

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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HIV in Pakistan is concentrated to people who inject drugs (PWID) and easy accessibility of narcotics to this population cannot be disregarded as a risk factor of growing encumbrance of AIDS in the country. All the narcotics and other medications having high potential of abuse are stratified into Schedule G of Punjab Drug Rules 2017. According to these rules, drugs in Schedule G shall be sold in pharmacy under the direct supervision of qualified pharmacist. However, Schedule G is not implemented in Punjab due to continuous resistance from pharmaceutical stakeholders including medical store owners (who are barred to sell drugs from schedule G). Since 1.6 million PWID reported misuse of prescription opioids for non-medical use, delayed implementation of schedule G is attributing to the unabated sale of narcotics without prescription and for non-medical purposes, which is further contributing to the staggering number of PWID in the country. Implementing schedule G will not only curb the existing situation of HIV but will also mitigate the contribution of PWID towards the future events.

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Alarming rise in HIV cases in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand

Aizaz

Abbas

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that suppresses the immune system by reducing the CD4+ T lymphocytes level. It has become a global challenge with fast prevalence ratio. Like other developing countries, Pakistan is also struggling for overcoming this viral disease since very first reported case in 1987.AimTo update the society on the alarming rise in HIV cases in Pakistan: challenges and future recommendations at hand.Materials and MethodsThe review paper utilized different search engines such pubmed central, scopus, web of science, google scholar etc. to conduct this review paper.ResultsLack of awareness, low literacy rate, practice of unhygienic equipment in healthcare departments, unstable economy, and unsafe sexual practices are the major factors behind the increasing rate of AIDS in Pakistan.ConclusionBy regulating healthcare practices and policies, promoting psychological counseling to HIV positive patients, educating the society and minimizing commercial sex practices, Pakistan can overcome this viral disease.

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HIV outbreaks in Pakistan

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

Psychometric assessment of translated Urdu version of WHOQOL-HIV BREF among patients living with HIV

Psychometric assessment of translated Urdu version of WHOQOL-HIV BREF among patients living with HIV

The association of HIV and easy access to narcotics in Pakistan; calling drug policy makers

Alarming rise in HIV cases in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand

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