2010
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00973.x
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HIV infection of the male genital tract – consequences for sexual transmission and reproduction

Abstract: Despite semen being the main vector of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dissemination worldwide, the origin of the virus in this bodily fluid remains unclear. It was recently shown that several organs of the male genital tract (MGT) are infected by HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and likely to contribute to semen viral load during the primary and chronic stages of the infection. These findings are important in helping answer the following questions: (i) does the MGT constitute a viral reservoir respo… Show more

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Cited by 60 publications
(81 citation statements)
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“…Although semen represents the foremost vector of HIV-1 dissemination, 1 the precise origins of the infected leukocytes and free viral particles contaminating the seminal plasma remain unclear. Phylogenetic studies have established that HIV in semen arises from local sources within the male genital tract and/or from passive diffusion via the blood [2][3][4] (previous references in Le Tortorec and Dejucq-Rainsford 5 ). The existence of productive sources in the male genital tract is further substantiated through observations of several differences between blood and semen, including i) detection of persistent infectious HIV in the semen of 5% to 30% of men with undetectable blood viral load receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy [5][6][7][8][9] ; ii) higher viral load in semen in a subpopulation of treatment-naïve men 10 ; iii) different rates, kinetics of emergence, and diversity of drug-resistant strains 4,11,12 ; and iv) different ratio of infected versus noninfected leukocytes.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although semen represents the foremost vector of HIV-1 dissemination, 1 the precise origins of the infected leukocytes and free viral particles contaminating the seminal plasma remain unclear. Phylogenetic studies have established that HIV in semen arises from local sources within the male genital tract and/or from passive diffusion via the blood [2][3][4] (previous references in Le Tortorec and Dejucq-Rainsford 5 ). The existence of productive sources in the male genital tract is further substantiated through observations of several differences between blood and semen, including i) detection of persistent infectious HIV in the semen of 5% to 30% of men with undetectable blood viral load receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy [5][6][7][8][9] ; ii) higher viral load in semen in a subpopulation of treatment-naïve men 10 ; iii) different rates, kinetics of emergence, and diversity of drug-resistant strains 4,11,12 ; and iv) different ratio of infected versus noninfected leukocytes.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On a longtemps pensé que cette contamination provenait d'une diffusion passive de virus et de cellules infectées à partir du sang. Or, plusieurs études ont maintenant établi qu'une partie des souches de VIH présentes dans le sperme sont génétiquement et phénotypiquement différentes des souches sanguines [2]. Cette compartimentation suggère une production locale de virus au niveau du tractus génital masculin soumise à une pression de sélection différente de celle du compartiment sanguin.…”
Section: Quelle Origine Pour Le Vih Présent Dans Le Sperme ?unclassified
“…Chez la majorité des patients, un traitement antirétroviral efficace -c'est-à-dire conduisant à une charge virale sanguine dite indétecta-ble, soit inférieure à 50 copies/ml -permet de réduire la charge virale dans le sperme à un niveau dit indétecta-ble (généralement inférieur à 200 copies/ml de sperme) [15]. Cependant, un nombre croissant d'études a mis en évidence la persistance du VIH (sous forme d'ARN viral et de cellules infectées) dans le sperme d'environ 5 à 10 % des patients sous ART efficace depuis au moins 6 mois, voire depuis plusieurs années [16,17] (réfé-rences antérieures dans [2]) (Tableau I). Les causes de cette persistance sont, à l'heure actuelle, inconnues.…”
Section: Le Tractus Génital Masculin : Un Réservoir Pour Le Vih ?unclassified
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