HIV-associated opportunistic infections of the CNS

Profile of HIV infected children: A hospital based study at Eastern Nepal

“…Paediatric HIV infection is worldwide public health challenge in its own right that disproportionately affects children in the poorest parts of the world [9] . Mother to child transmission is the critical source of HIV infection to children in Nepal [2] .…”

“…Weight for height or height for age or body mass index for age between -2 to -3 SD score was classified as moderate undernutrition and SD score below -3 was classified as severe undernutrition [6] . Anemia was defined as Hb <11.0 g/dL in children 6 months to 59 months of age or <11.5 g/dL in children [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] years or <12.0 g/dL in children 12 to 14 years of age as per WHO guideline for diagnosis of anemia [8] .…”

Adherence status of HIV infected children at ART centre of South India

“…8 In the present study the enrollment for boy to girl ratio was 1.2:1. A study conducted in Nepal (child discussion) had enrolled ratio of boys to girl as 2.5:1.…”

Predictor of Mortality in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients with Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections

“…Environment and access to ART become important factors to the variation of CNS opportunistic infection between developed and developing countries. 5 The common CNS opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients are toxoplasma infection, tuberculous meningitis (TBM), cryptococcus infection, progressive multifocal leukoencelopathy (PML) and primary CNS lymphoma. 2,6 The risk of CNS opportunistic infection is different according to patient's CD4+ T cell level; patients with CD4+ T cell level 200-500/µL have risk being infected by tuberculous meningitis, patients with CD4+ T cell level <200/µL have risk being infected by toxoplasmosis encephalitis, cryptococcus meningitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, primary lymphoma CNS, and PML.…”

“…2,6 The risk of CNS opportunistic infection is different according to patient's CD4+ T cell level; patients with CD4+ T cell level 200-500/µL have risk being infected by tuberculous meningitis, patients with CD4+ T cell level <200/µL have risk being infected by toxoplasmosis encephalitis, cryptococcus meningitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, primary lymphoma CNS, and PML. 5 Almost all CNS opportunistic infections originate from activated latent pathogen, except PML that could be caused by direct HIV-1 virus infection. 5 Most of all CNS opportunistic infections do not have specific symptoms like fever or lethargic.…”