HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases

Zucman, David; Mellot, François; Couderc, Louis‐Jean

doi:10.1056/nejmc1804812

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This syndrome is present in severe cases of COVID-19 and is associated with a poor prognosis [ 141 , 143 ]; it was also found to be a principal cause of morbidity in patients infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [ 144 ]. Not unique to coronavirus infections, “cytokine release syndrome” is observed in other conditions, including patients with Castleman’s disease during flares [ 145 ] and in patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells [ 146 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Infection Of Endothelial Cells and Vascular Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, there are other diseases in which IL-6 is similarly elevated. In Castleman disease, IL-6 is elevated in conjunction with TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10 as in severe COVID-19; however, vascular manifestations are unusual in this condition [ 145 ]. Also, in patients receiving treatment with CAR-T cells who develop a cytokine release syndrome, DIC is observed, if infrequently, but vasculitis and other manifestations of vessel inflammation are not reported [ 211 ].…”

Section: Insights Into Factors That Precipitate Vascular Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vasculopathy and Coagulopathy Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Labò

Ohnuki

Tosato

2020

Cells

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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in >500,000 deaths worldwide, including >125,000 deaths in the U.S. since its emergence in late December 2019 and June 2020. Neither curative anti-viral drugs nor a protective vaccine is currently available for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Recently, new clinical syndromes associated with coagulopathy and vasculopathy have emerged as a cause of sudden death and other serious clinical manifestations in younger patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, is a transmembrane protein expressed by lung alveolar epithelial cells, enterocytes, and vascular endothelial cells, whose physiologic role is to induce the maturation of angiotensin I to generate angiotensin 1-7, a peptide hormone that controls vasoconstriction and blood pressure. In this review, we provide the general context of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on endothelial cells, describe the vasculopathy and coagulopathy syndromes in patients with SARS-CoV-2, and outline current understanding of the underlying mechanistic aspects.

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Section: Sars-cov-2 Infection Of Endothelial Cells and Vascular Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Insights Into Factors That Precipitate Vascular Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasculopathy and Coagulopathy Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Labò

Ohnuki

Tosato

2020

Cells

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“…The spectrum of cancer types seen in HIV-infected individuals encompasses a number of NADCs [ 18 , 19 ]. These include cancers of the lung, breast, prostate, liver, throat, anus, Hodgkin lymphoma and non-melanoma skin cancers [ 4 , 20 , 21 ]. The incidence of cancer has shown to account for a quarter amongst HIV-infected individuals’ deaths and indicates to surpass AIDS as the leading mortality of HIV-infected individuals in high-income countries [ 19 , 22 ].…”

Section: Cancer Prevalence In Hiv-positive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to the broad spectrum of the NADCs, ADCs that include Kaposi’s Sarcoma, cervical cancer and NHL are on the decline since the introduction of HAART. The diagnostic and prognostic challenges of these HIV-associated cancers are discussed below [ 21 ].…”

Section: The Genetics Of Molecular Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-Associated Cancer Biomarkers: A Requirement for Early Diagnosis

Dlamini

Mbele

Makhafola

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Globally, HIV/AIDS and cancer are increasingly public health problems and continue to exist as comorbidities. The sub-Saharan African region has the largest number of HIV infections. Malignancies previously associated with HIV/AIDS, also known as the AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) have been documented to decrease, while the non-AIDS defining cancer (NADCs) are on the rise. On the other hand, cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and precision oncology as the most effective cancer therapy is gaining attraction. Among HIV-infected individuals, the increased risk for developing cancer is due to the immune system of the patient being suppressed, frequent coinfection with oncogenic viruses and an increase in risky behavior such as poor lifestyle. The core of personalised medicine for cancer depends on the discovery and the development of biomarkers. Biomarkers are specific and highly sensitive markers that reveal information that aid in leading to the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of the disease. This review focuses mainly on the risk assessment, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic role of various cancer biomarkers in HIV-positive patients. A careful selection of sensitive and specific HIV-associated cancer biomarkers is required to identify patients at most risk of tumour development, thus improving the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.

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“…The seroprevalence of KSHV ranges from 5% - 90% in adult populations, with highest infection rates in sub-Saharan Africa [ 2 ]. People living with HIV and recipients of organ transplants are at highest risk for KSHV and EBV cancers [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA-guided gene editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 genome reduces infectious virus production

et al. 2021

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) are cancer-causing viruses that establish lifelong infections in humans. Gene editing using the Cas9-guideRNA (gRNA) CRISPR system has been applied to decrease the latent load of EBV in human Burkitt lymphoma cells. Validating the efficacy of Cas9-gRNA system in eradicating infection in vivo without off-target effects to the host genome will require animal model systems. To this end, we evaluated a series of gRNAs against individual genes and functional genomic elements of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) that are both conserved with KSHV and important for the establishment of latency or reactivation from latency in the host. gRNA sequences against ORF50, ORF72 and ORF73 led to insertion, deletion and substitution mutations in these target regions of the genome in cell culture. Murine NIH3T3 fibroblast cells that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs to ORF50 were most resistant to replication upon de novo infection. Latent murine A20 B cell lines that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs against MHV68 were reduced in their reactivation by approximately 50%, regardless of the viral gene target. Lastly, co-transfection of HEK293T cells with the vector expressing the Cas9-MHV68 gRNA components along with the viral genome provided a rapid read-out of gene editing and biological impact. Combinatorial, multiplex MHV68 gRNA transfections in HEK293T cells led to near complete ablation of infectious particle production. Our findings indicate that Cas9-gRNA editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus genome has a deleterious impact on productive replication in three independent infection systems.

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HIV-Associated Cancers and Related Diseases

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Vasculopathy and Coagulopathy Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Vasculopathy and Coagulopathy Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

HIV-Associated Cancer Biomarkers: A Requirement for Early Diagnosis

RNA-guided gene editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 genome reduces infectious virus production

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