HIV and <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> prevalences correlate in sub‐Saharan Africa

Ndeffo-Mbah, Martial L.; Poolman, Eric M.; Drain, Paul K.; Coffee, Megan; Werf, Marieke J. van der; Galvani, Alison P.

doi:10.1111/tmi.12165

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Despite the fact that schistosomiasis is a known risk factor for developing CKD [26] or acquiring HIV [27], we did not find a significant association in either case.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

The prevalence of renal impairment in individuals seeking HIV testing in Urban Malawi

et al. 2016

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BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a major health threat to people living in low- and middle-income countries, especially when it is combined with HIV, antiretroviral treatment (ART) or communicable and non-communicable diseases. Data about the prevalence of CKD and its association with other diseases is scarce, particularly in HIV-negative individuals. This study estimated the prevalence of CKD in individuals who were either HIV-positive (and ART-naïve) or HIV-negative in an urban Malawian population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at a HIV Testing and Counselling Centre in Lilongwe, Malawi. Consecutive clients who were ≥18 years and consented to participate were enrolled over a 3-month period. Clients were screened for potential renal disease and other conditions. Their blood pressure was measured, urine examined via dipstick and albumin/creatinine ratio and blood drawn for creatinine, cystatin C and sero-markers for schistosomiasis. Estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate was calculated using a cystatin C-based formula and classified according to the matching CKD stages by K/DOQI (The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative). We performed a descriptive analysis and compared differences between HIV-positive (and ART naïve) and -negative participants.ResultsOut of 381 consecutive clients who were approached between January and March 2012, 366 consented and 363 (48% female; 32% HIV-positive) were included in the analysis. Reasons for exclusion were missing samples or previous use of ART. HIV-positive and negative clients did not differ significantly with regard to age, sex or medical history, but they did differ for BMI—21.3 (±3.4) vs. 24 (±5.1), respectively (p < 0.001). Participants also differed with regard to serum cystatin C levels, but not creatinine. Reduced kidney function (according to CKD stages 2–5) was significantly more frequent 15.5 vs. 3.6%, respectively (p < 0.001) among HIV-positive clients compared to the HIV-negative group. Differences in renal function were most pronounced in the eGFR range 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2 accompanied by proteinuria with results as 11.2% vs. 1.2%, respectively for clients who were HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative (p = 0.001).ConclusionsReduced glomerular filtration and/or proteinuria occurred in 15.5% of HIV-positive, and 3.6% of HIV-negative patients in this urban Malawian cohort.Since generalized renal monitoring is not feasible in Malawi or other resource-limited countries, strategies to identify patients at risk for higher stages of CKD and appropriate preventive measures are needed for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0403-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Despite the fact that schistosomiasis is a known risk factor for developing CKD [26] or acquiring HIV [27], we did not find a significant association in either case.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

The prevalence of renal impairment in individuals seeking HIV testing in Urban Malawi

et al. 2016

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“…As if this information were not bad enough, several large epidemiological studies show that FGS is responsible for up to a three-to four-fold increase in horizontal transmission of HIV/ AIDS [2,7,8], whereas a regression analysis of prevalence of S. haematobium infection and HIV in sub-Saharan African countries found that each S. haematobium infection per 100 individuals resulted in a 3% relative increase in HIV prevalence [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Female genital schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS: Reversing the neglect of girls and women

et al. 2019

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“…Patients may be subject to coinfections that alter symptoms, immune responses, and therapies (2-5). These are just 2 examples in which multiplexed platforms would provide timely, cost-effective diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Stage Isothermal Enzymatic Amplification for Concurrent Multiplex Molecular Detection

et al. 2017

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BACKGROUND The wide array of pathogens responsible for infectious diseases makes it difficult to identify causative pathogens with single-plex tests. Although multiplex PCR detects multiple targets, it is restricted to centralized laboratories, which delays test results or makes multiplexing unavailable, depriving healthcare providers of critical, real-time information. METHODS To address the need for point-of-care (POC) highly multiplexed tests, we propose the 2-stage, nested-like, rapid (<40 min) isothermal amplification assay, dubbed rapid amplification (RAMP). RAMP’s first-stage uses outer loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers to amplify all targets with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). First-stage amplicons are aliquoted to second stage reactors, each specialized for a specific target, to undergo LAMP. The assay is implemented in a microfluidic chip. LAMP amplicons are detected in situ with colorimetric dye or with a fluorescent dye and a smartphone. RESULTS In experiments on a benchtop and in a microfluidic format, RAMP demonstrated high level of multiplexing (≥16); high sensitivity (i.e., 1 plaque-forming unit of Zika virus) and specificity (no false positives or negatives); speed (<40 min); ease of use; and ability to cope with minimally processed samples. CONCLUSIONS RAMP is a hybrid, 2-stage, rapid, and highly sensitive and specific assay with extensive multiplexing capabilities, combining the advantages of RPA and LAMP, while circumventing their respective shortcomings. RAMP can be used in the lab, but one of its distinct advantages is amenability to simple implementation in a microfluidic format for use at the POC, providing healthcare personnel with an inexpensive, highly sensitive tool to detect multiple pathogens in a single sample, on site.

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HIV and Schistosoma haematobium prevalences correlate in sub‐Saharan Africa

Cited by 45 publications

References 32 publications

The prevalence of renal impairment in individuals seeking HIV testing in Urban Malawi

The prevalence of renal impairment in individuals seeking HIV testing in Urban Malawi

Female genital schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS: Reversing the neglect of girls and women

Two-Stage Isothermal Enzymatic Amplification for Concurrent Multiplex Molecular Detection

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