Hiv-2 in West Africa in 1966

Kawamura, Minoru; Yamazaki, Sayuki; Ishikawa, Koh-ichi; Kwofie, Theophilus B.; Tsujimoto, Hajime; Hayami, Masanori

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91760-1

Cited by 33 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…HIV-2 has been identified in a blood sample from Guinea–Bissau dating back to 1966 and may have been introduced as early as 1945 [34, 35]. We introduced HIV-2 into the model in 1950.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour change and competitive exclusion can explain the diverging HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence trends in Guinea–Bissau

et al. 2007

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SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to determine whether a temporary rise in sexual risk behaviour during war in Guinea–Bissau could explain the observed trends in HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence, and to explore the possible contribution of competitive elimination of HIV-2 by HIV-1. A simulation model of the heterosexual transmission of sexually transmitted infections was parameterized using demographic, behavioural and epidemiological data from rural Guinea–Bissau, and fitted to the observed HIV-1 and HIV-2 trends with and without a historic rise in risk behaviour. The observed trends could only be simulated by assuming a temporary rise in risk behaviour. Around 30% of the projected decline in HIV-2 prevalence from a peak of 8·7% to 4·3% in 2010 was due to competitive elimination by HIV-1. Importantly for public health, HIV-1 prevalence was predicted to continue increasing and to become the dominant HIV type by 2010. Data collection is required to validate this prediction.

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“…HIV-2 has been identified in a blood sample from Guinea–Bissau dating back to 1966 and may have been introduced as early as 1945 [34, 35]. We introduced HIV-2 into the model in 1950.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour change and competitive exclusion can explain the diverging HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence trends in Guinea–Bissau

et al. 2007

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“…What is the evidence for cross-species transmission in the direction of monkey to human rather than from human to monkey? HIV-2 and its associated disease are apparently new to the human population (7,12) and largely confined, at least at present, to West Africa, the geographic region which is the natural habitat of sooty mangabeys and their close relatives. While SIVsm causes no apparent disease in infected sooty mangabeys (6), HIV-2 causes AIDS in humans (22 We have now shown that SIVsm isolates exhibit extensive genetic diversity within the group, similar to the extensive genetic diversity demonstrated previously for SIVagm isolates from naturally infected African green monkeys (10,16,17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west African pet sooty mangabey

Marx

Lerche

et al. 1991

J Virol

121

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Two of 25 healthy pet sooty mangabey (SM) monkeys (Cercocebus atys) living in West Africa were seropositive by immunoblot when surveyed for antibody to simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac). SIVsmLIB1 was isolated from one of the pet sooty mangabeys. Nucleotide sequence data showed that this isolate is a member of the SIVsm/human immunodeficiecy virus type 2 (HIV-2)/SIVmac group of primate lentiviruses. Furthermore, sequence comparisons revealed extensive genetic diversity among SIVsm isolates similar to that observed previously in SIV isolates from naturally infected African green monkeys. These observations provide additional evidence for monkey-human cross-species transmission of SIVsm as the source of HIV-2 infection of human.

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“…Our prior specifications mainly altered support from Portugal to Caió because sequences from these locations tend to cluster together. Also, the earliest indications of HIV-2-positive samples in Côte d’Ivoire date back to the 1960s (Le Guenno, 1989; Kawamura et al , 1989). Clearly, more data are needed to establish which location gave rise to the emergence of the HIV-2A epidemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeographical footprint of colonial history in the global dispersal of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 group A

Faria

Hodges-Mameletzis

Silva

et al. 2012

Journal of General Virology

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) emerged in West Africa and has spread further to countries that share socio-historical ties with this region. However, viral origins and dispersal patterns at a global scale remain poorly understood. Here, we adopt a Bayesian phylogeographic approach to investigate the spatial dynamics of HIV-2 group A (HIV-2A) using a collection of 320 partial pol and 248 partial env sequences sampled throughout 19 countries worldwide. We extend phylogenetic diffusion models that simultaneously draw information from multiple loci to estimate location states throughout distinct phylogenies and explicitly attempt to incorporate human migratory fluxes. Our study highlights that Guinea-Bissau, together with Cô te d'Ivoire and Senegal, have acted as the main viral sources in the early stages of the epidemic. We show that convenience sampling can obfuscate the estimation of the spatial root of HIV-2A. We explicitly attempt to circumvent this by incorporating rate priors that reflect the ratio of human flow from and to West Africa. We recover four main routes of HIV-2A dispersal that are laid out along colonial ties: Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde to Portugal, Cô te d'Ivoire and Senegal to France. Within Europe, we find strong support for epidemiological linkage from Portugal to Luxembourg and to the UK. We demonstrate that probabilistic models can uncover global patterns of HIV-2A dispersal providing sampling bias is taken into account and we provide a scenario for the international spread of this virus.

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Hiv-2 in West Africa in 1966

Cited by 33 publications

References 5 publications

Behaviour change and competitive exclusion can explain the diverging HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence trends in Guinea–Bissau

Behaviour change and competitive exclusion can explain the diverging HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence trends in Guinea–Bissau

Isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west African pet sooty mangabey

Phylogeographical footprint of colonial history in the global dispersal of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 group A

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