Historical Perspective and Current Understanding of the Ecology, Conservation, and Management of the Guanaco in the Chilean Patagonia

González, Benito A.; Acebes, Pablo; Corti, Paulo; Grimberg, Moisés; Iranzo, Esperanza C.; Malo, Juan E.; Moraga, Claudio; Sarno, Ronald J.; Skewes, Óscar; Soto, Nicolás; Traba, Juán; Vargas, Solange P.; Franklin, William L.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06656-6_8

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…That reduction could be a consequence of multiple anthropogenic factors that include overexploitation, illegal hunting, modification, and transformation of the habitat to favor the occupation and expansion of livestock ranching. Fortunately, the measures taken since the 70s and 80s of the 20th century ( González et al 2022 ) have increased the observed size to more than 2 million animals at the present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This discernment underscores the overarching significance of discerning and preserving the unique genetic attributes manifested by guanacos within this specific geographic locale. The acknowledgment of the evolutionarily independent status of the Tierra del Fuego guanaco population not only constitutes a scholarly contribution but also holds pragmatic ramifications for the management and conservation perspective, since the population is under productive use ( González et al 2022 ) and generating conflict with sheep production and forestry ( Martínez Pastur et al 2016 ; Hernändez et al 2017 ; Flores et al 2023 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of Diversification and Adaptation from North to South Revealed by Genomic Data: Guanacos from the Desert to Sub-Antarctica

León,

Pizarro,

Noll

et al. 2024

Genome Biology and Evolution

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The increased availability of quality genomic data has greatly improved the scope and resolution of our understanding of the recent evolutionary history of wild species adapted to extreme environments and their susceptibility to anthropogenic impacts. The guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the largest wild ungulate in South America, is a good example. The guanaco is well adapted to a wide range of habitats, including the Sechura Desert, the high Andes Mountains to the north, and the extreme temperatures and conditions of Navarino Island to the south. Guanacos also have a long history of overexploitation by humans. To assess the evolutionary impact of these challenging habitats on the genomic diversity, we analyzed 38 genomes (∼10 to 16×) throughout their extensive latitudinal distribution from the Sechura and Atacama Desert to southward into Tierra del Fuego Island. These included analyses of patterns of unique differentiation in the north and geographic region further south with admixture among L. g. cacsilensis and L. g. guanicoe. Our findings provide new insights on the divergence of the subspecies ∼800,000 yr BP and document two divergent demographic trajectories and to the initial expansion of guanaco into the more southern portions of the Atacama Desert. Patagonian guanacos have experienced contemporary reductions in effective population sizes, likely the consequence of anthropogenic impacts. The lowest levels of genetic diversity corresponded to their northern and western limits of distribution and some varying degrees of genetic differentiation. Adaptive genomic diversity was strongly linked with environmental variables and was linked with colonization toward the south followed by adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Diversification and Adaptation from North to South Revealed by Genomic Data: Guanacos from the Desert to Sub-Antarctica

León,

Pizarro,

Noll

et al. 2024

Genome Biology and Evolution

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“…The guanacos of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego show a distinct pattern of population structure varying between F st =0.10 and 0.19, high differentiation compared with populations in continental Patagonia that vary between 0.05 and 0.11 (González et al, 2014; Marín et al, 2013; Sarno et al, 2001). In addition, the mitochondrial and nuclear genetic diversity of Tierra del Fuego guanacos are low compared with the entire area, only surpassed by lower indices in Isla Navarino (González et al, 2022). The lower genetic diversity potentially suggests a relatively younger population compared with the mainland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guanaco colonisation of Tierra del Fuego Island from mainland Patagonia: Walked, swam, or by canoe?

Franklin

2022

Geography and Environment

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Addressed here is the biogeographical-vexing question of why the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is the only large mammal on the big island of Tierra del Fuego, answered by comparing alternative colonisation hypotheses. A multidisciplinary examination was conducted into the archaeological, ecological, evolutionary, geographical, genomic, glacial and zoological past, plus distribution of native terrestrial vertebrates in the Patagonia of southern South America. Notable disparities exist between main Patagonia (2.5 species/10,000 km 2 ) compared with Tierra del Fuego (1.8). In the similar-sized area of mainland Patagonia just north of the Strait of Magellan there are 12 reptiles, 7 amphibians and 34 mammals = 53 total species; Tierra del Fuego has 13. Despite being the size of Switzerland and only 3.5 km from the mainland, Tierra del Fuego has no species of snakes, salamanders, frogs or turtles, only one lizard, one toad, nine small mammals, one carnivore and one ungulate, the Guanaco.

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“…Las comunidades vegetales que encontraron los europeos a su llegada pueden haber coevolucionado con aquella comunidad de herbívoros extintos (Janzen and Martin 1981;Bucher 1987). Si bien muchos de los mamíferos existentes a la llegada de los europeos experimentaron dramáticas disminuciones de sus poblaciones y rangos de distribución en los 500 años que siguieron a la colonización, en la Argentina continental no se ha registrado extinción alguna de mamífero mediano o grande durante ese período, y en las últimas décadas, varias de ellas (e.g., vicuñas, guanacos, huemules) han mostrado un marcado crecimiento poblacional en la Argentina y en Chile (Iriarte et al 2017;Izquierdo et al 2018;González et al 2022). Desde esta perspectiva, la incorporación de herbívoros del viejo mundo puede contribuir a aumentar la biodiversidad de una megafauna muy empobrecida, incluyendo la introducción de especies muy similares a las extintas.…”

Section: Consenso 7 Las Especies Exóticas Causan Un Gran Daño Económi...unclassified

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Grau¹

2023

Ecol. Austral

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R��.Como complemento de un artículo previo (Grau 2022), presento cinco grupos de hallazgos que desafían posturas bastante establecidas en la comunidad de ecólogos y ambientalistas. 1) La incidencia de catástrofes de origen climático sobre la población y la infraestructura ha disminuido de manera dramática, en buena medida por el progreso económico. 2) Las poblaciones de abejas están aumentando, e incluso si disminuyeran, su efecto sobre la seguridad alimentaria del planeta sería menor. 3) Las estimaciones sobre los daños económicos de las especies exóticas frecuentemente son exageradas, sin un balance adecuado de costos y beneficios. 4) Por lo general, el consumo local no disminuye la huella de carbono y no tiene ventajas nutritivas. 5) El ganado europeo puede aumentar la diversidad de herbívoros y las comunidades asociadas, y puede contribuir a mitigar los efectos de las extinciones asociadas a los humanos originarios. Para promover una ciencia ambiental más rigurosa y menos dogmática, sugiero aceptar de manera más explícita que el cambio (incluyendo migraciones y extinciones) es parte constitutiva del funcionamiento de los socio-ecosistemas. Además, es necesario enfatizar que los cambios ambientales deben evaluarse mediante el análisis de tendencias de largo plazo, discriminando entre relaciones causales y correlacionales, y no por la mera apreciación de eventos discretos. También es fundamental preservar el rol 'esencial' de la ciencia, que consiste en valorar los enunciados en función de su consistencia con la realidad, no por su funcionalidad a determinadas agendas políticas o ideológicas. Finalmente, es importante incentivar de manera proactiva las iniciativas científicas que desafíen consensos o creencias dominantes, como motor de investigaciones creativas y profundas basadas en datos.[Palabras clave: abejas, catástrofes ambientales, invasiones biológicas, locavorismo, resilvestrado] A��. More findings against eco-alarmist consensus. As a follow-up of a previous article (Grau 2022), I present five additional groups of findings that challenge fairly established perceptions. 1) The impact of climatically originated catastrophes has dramatically decreased, largely due to economic growth. 2) Bee populations are increasing, and even if they decrease, the effect on food security would be minor. 3) Estimates of the economic costs of invasions by non-native species are frequently exaggerated, without an adequate balance of costs and benefits. 4) In general, local food consumption does not reduce carbon footprint and has no nutritional advantages. 5) European livestock sometimes increases the diversity of herbivores and associated communities, and could contribute to mitigate the effects of extinctions associated with early humans in the Americas. To promote a more rigorous and less dogmatic environmental science I suggest: explicitly accepting that change (including migrations and invasions), is a constitutive component of the functioning of social-ecosystems; emphasizing that environmental change should ...

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Historical Perspective and Current Understanding of the Ecology, Conservation, and Management of the Guanaco in the Chilean Patagonia

Cited by 3 publications

References 88 publications

History of Diversification and Adaptation from North to South Revealed by Genomic Data: Guanacos from the Desert to Sub-Antarctica

History of Diversification and Adaptation from North to South Revealed by Genomic Data: Guanacos from the Desert to Sub-Antarctica

Guanaco colonisation of Tierra del Fuego Island from mainland Patagonia: Walked, swam, or by canoe?

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