Histology and cytochemistry of human skin. 3. The eyelid

Montagna, William

doi:10.1001/archderm.100.3.328

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…8 Two important differences are that ELHFs do not require individual motility and thus lack an arrector pili muscle, at least in murine and human ELHFs. 3,8,24 Also, ELHFs appear to be independent of sex hormones. [25][26][27] In general, upper ELs are longer and more numerous than those of the lower eyelid (Table 1).…”

Section: Eyelash Hair Follicles: Basic Factsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…13 In order to fulfil their protective function, eyelids are extensively innervated to rapidly trigger the blink reflex. 3,9 Eyelids contain three different sensory nerve terminals (lanceolate, pilo-Ruffini and sensory nerve fibres associated with Merkel cells) and are innervated by terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve (maxillary and ophthalmic branches). 9,14 The eyelid is supported on the conjunctival side of the lid by the tarsal plates, which are thin elongated plates composed of fibrous tissue of approximately 2Á5 cm in length.…”

Section: Eyelid Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,14 The eyelid is supported on the conjunctival side of the lid by the tarsal plates, which are thin elongated plates composed of fibrous tissue of approximately 2Á5 cm in length. 3,6,15 These plates are thought to provide structural support and thus sculpt the eyelid shape.…”

Section: Eyelid Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[25][26][27] In general, upper ELs are longer and more numerous than those of the lower eyelid (Table 1). 2,3,8,[28][29][30][31][32] Eyelash formation starts at week 12 of gestation while the eyelids are still fused. After their development (22nd to 26th week), ELHFs become aligned at and firmly embedded into the margin of the eyelids.…”

Section: Eyelash Hair Follicles: Basic Factsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their arrangement in imperfect rows, providing a filamentous curtain-like protection, is designed to leave no area of the cornea unprotected. 3 While ELs represent a distinctively mammalian invention, interestingly, eyelash-like protective skin appendages are already found in some lower vertebrate species such as reptiles [e.g. periorbital scales in the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii)] and birds [e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biology of the eyelash hair follicle: an enigma in plain sight

et al. 2016

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Because of their crucial impact on our perception of beauty, eyelashes constitute a prime target for the cosmetic industry. However, when compared with other hair shafts and the mini-organs that produce them [eyelash hair follicles (ELHFs)], knowledge on the biology underlying growth and pigmentation of eyelashes is still rudimentary. This is due in part to the extremely restricted availability of human ELHFs for experimental study, underappreciation of their important sensory and protective functions and insufficient interest in understanding why they are distinct from scalp hair follicles (HFs) (e.g. ELHFs produce shorter hair shafts, do not possess an arrector pili muscle, have a shorter hair cycle and undergo greying significantly later than scalp HFs). Here we synthesize the limited current knowledge on the biology of ELHFs, in humans and other species, their role in health and disease, the known similarities with and differences from other HF populations, and their intrinsic interethnic variations. We define major open questions in the biology of these intriguing mini-organs and conclude by proposing future research directions. These include dissecting the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie trichomegaly and the development of in vitro models in order to interrogate the distinct molecular controls of ELHF growth, cycling and pigmentation and to probe novel strategies for the therapeutic and cosmetic manipulation of ELHFs beyond prostaglandin receptor stimulation.

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Section: Eyelash Hair Follicles: Basic Factsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Eyelid Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eyelid Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eyelash Hair Follicles: Basic Factsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biology of the eyelash hair follicle: an enigma in plain sight

et al. 2016

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The sensorineural apparatus of the human eyelid

Munger

Halata

1984

Am. J. Anat.

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The present study describes a complex array of sensory nerve terminals in the human eyelid. In many respects this pattern of innervation resembles that previously described in the rhesus monkey, but in other respects it is unique to man. The most prominent nerve terminals are a complex array of lanceolate and circular Ruffini and free nerve endings that envelop the eyelashes. In addition, Merkel cells have not been conclusively identified to date in other nonhuman primate nonsinus hairs. The external root sheath collar contains Merkel cells, and dermal Merkel cells have also been identified close to the collar. The anterior cutaneous surface of the eyelid contains small vellus hairs with typical lanceolate, Ruffini, and free nerve endings resembling those of primate facial skin. Scattered Meissner and scant simple corpuscles as well as scattered free nerve endings (FNEs) can be identified on the occlusal surface of the eyelid. Intraepithelial as well as dermal FNEs were most easily identified in this region in areas lacking other corpuscular receptors. Corpuscular receptors are especially common at the occlusal/conjunctival angle. The inner or conjunctival surface of the eyelid appears to be a glandular epithelium, whereas in the rhesus monkey it is stratified squamous epithelium. This epithelium needs additional study. In summary, the present study confirms the unique sensory neural status of the human eyelid and verifies the presence of Ruffini nerve terminals by light and electron microscopy and of free nerve ending terminals at least by light microscopy, as well as a unique pattern of innervation of the human eyelash.

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The skin of the giraffe

Dimond

Montagna

1976

Anat. Rec.

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The skin of the giraffe has the same general histological structure as that of other mammals, but there are notable features. The skin is heavily pigmented with the epidermis, pilary canals, and the outer cell layer of the apocrine duct richly melanized. Furthermore, melanotic dendritic cells are frequently found in the sebaceous glands, the entire length of the external root sheath, and the secretory tubules of the apocrine glands. The thick skin has a papillary dermis that extends to just beneath the secretory coils of the apocrine glands and bulbs of hair follicles and an equally thick reticular layer below these structures. The hair follicles do not grow in clusters, and with some regional variations, have associated sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, and arrectores pilorum muscles. Only the large hairs have a prominent medulla. In such specialized regions as the eyelids, nose, and lips, the apocrine glands are surrounded by cholinesterase-reactive nerves but the glands on the general body surface are not. The only specialized nerve receptors are hair follicle end organs found on every hair of the eyelids, nose, and lips, but only rarely elsewhere.

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Histology and cytochemistry of human skin. 3. The eyelid

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Biology of the eyelash hair follicle: an enigma in plain sight

Biology of the eyelash hair follicle: an enigma in plain sight

The sensorineural apparatus of the human eyelid

The skin of the giraffe

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